Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statistics - Essay Example each patient who has lost weight has also experienced a decline in triglyceride level therefore there can be a relationship between weight and triglyceride level. The straight line regression model should be used with utmost caution when predicting future values. The linear regression model assumes that the data points are scattered around a straight line but unfortunately there are certain cases in which data points may be scattered around a curve and they can be fitted by the straight line model. This can be a ghastly mistake and it can have profound consequences. For the above scenario, if we predict the change in triglyceride level of a patient with a loss of 10 kg in weight than this can be a case of extrapolation. By extrapolation it means that one can not use the regression equation to make predictions for x-values that are outside the range of the x-values in the sample data. Since the x-values in the sample data are limited to (-9.6 kg) therefore it is not viable to make a prediction for (-10

History about the war Essay Example for Free

History about the war Essay It is very true that the United States overthrew Guatemala, Chile and Iran. There are some motivations behind the overthrows. One of the motivations behind the overthrows is nationalism. This is because United Nations just like all other nations opposes nationalism. Other main motivations behind the United States overthrow to these countries include the urge to impose its ideology, gaining control of some of the valuable resources and the increase of its power. The United States also carries out coups, invasions and revolutions so that it can topple it feared or mistrusted. It also uses a variety of methods in persuading g other countries into assisting them with the coups revolutions and invasions. The methods used include the offering of booties to states that support its interests, time-honored strategies of diplomacy and retaliation threats to those countries that refuse to support them. In Chile United States launched its coup with the aim of propagating the spirit of good humanitarian ground. This is because Pinochet was highly involved in human rights violations because his security forces were perceived to be accountable for more than 3,197 murders of the Chilean citizens. 1,100 of the murdered citizens â€Å"disappeared† for they were abused to their death, thrown by the military from the helicopters into Pacific Ocean or buried into secret graves. The other reason as to why united states carried out the coup was to ensure that it prevented its consolidation and also limited the governments ability to implement some of the policies which were contrary to itself (U.  S) and also hemispheric interests. U. S also committed some coups with the aim of fostering its accessibility to some of the economically rich regions. For instance in 1953 Dulles ordered a coup on Iran which was intended to make Middle East very safe for American oil companies. United sates committed a coup in Guatemala because it disliked the communist policies which were set by Arbenz. He was perceived to be a communist because h e sought to give the landless some land or in other words he advocated for equal land distribution by giving peasants the idle lands which belonged to the upper class. Dulles had ordered the coup in Guatemala because he had disliked the way the nationalist government had confronted the power of the United Fruit Company which was represented by his old law firm (Npr. org, 01). United States of America was involved in what was called â€Å"people’s war† against fascism. All the American were in agreement with capitalists, democrats, republicans, communists, rich, poor and the middle class and this is why the war was referred to as the people’s war. This war was the trendiest in United States that the country had ever fought. This is because around 18 million people participated in the war. And over 25 million workers contributed financially to the war. The power of the nation, church, press and also chief radical organizations called for all-out war. The war was in opposition to an enemy of appalling evil. for instance Hitlers Germany was widening totalitarianism, , militarism and overt aggressive, and racism warfare outside what an already contemptuous world had gone through yet, the governments(the United States, England, the Soviet Union) accomplishing this represented something considerably different, so that their success would be a bluster to imperialism, totalitarianism, racism, militarism, in the world. America stepped up as the defender of vulnerable countries matching its image in American history textbooks for high school. For instance it opposed Haitian revolution for independence from France at the beginning of 19C. America just pursued its imperialist interests in the name of assisting the helpless countries for it instigated conflicts with Mexico taking half of the country. It also pretended to rescue Cuba from Spain at the same time it stagnated there with military base, rights of interventions and investments. It also grabbed Hawaii Guam and Puerto Rico it also took the con troll of panama by revolutionizing against Columbia. The main reason as to why US entered the WW II was to defend the principle referred to as the non-intervention of other country’s or states affairs but many questions arose about its credibility. United States was one of the victors in WW II thus coming into a position to dominate many areas in the world and also creating conditions for efficient and effective control at home. The war brought about higher prices for all farmers, enough prosperity, higher wages, higher prosperity unlike thirties which was accompanied by a lot of unemployment and economic distress. The war was pressing people at home because the budget was mainly to the advantage of military operations abroad without considering the needs of people at home. For example people were affected by the test of the nuclear weapons but the leaders argued that it was not harmful (libcom. org/history 1). The presence of the country in permanent war kind of economy proved to be very big pockets for poverty. The distribution of health also remained unequal with the highest family getting 45 % of all the income and the lowest family getting 5% there was unequal distribution of wealth, tax advantages and income. Many American citizens were afraid of communism and this was oppressing those who believed in it. Many people were against the war. This is because they felt that the war was only seeking to dominate other countries. They said that it was commercial, ruthless and imperialistic. Socialist parties opposed the war arguing that it was a crime against the people of United States many opponent claim that the war was a human violence because it was a murderous kind of business. Again the opponents argued that a lot of nation’s money is not well utilized when it is used in wars for there are many ways of cheap mediations which do not involve conflicts. Opponents felt that the war is inhuman to both countries because some of the devices used are harmful to innocent citizens (Zinn 355). Bernay’s ideas on social control can be used to think about Friedman’s book secret histories because they both assume that propaganda can be a very effective tool for manipulating and shaping public opinion in the current society. Friedman has quoted how America used propaganda into fostering war against other countries. For example it lied that it was going to assist helpless countries only for the American to star dominating investing in those countries. Edwards’s propaganda disagrees with skeptics who argue about low levels of illiteracy. He says that printed word played a very crucial role during the early reformation. This is because it enabled Luther in broadcasting his attack towards the traditional authorities with greater rapidity and also made it possible to co-ordinate some of the activities of scattered followers. The printed medium embodied the subversive messages it conveyed. Numerous duplicates of cheap agitatory pamphlets reinforced the message of lay involvement much to the disadvantage and distress of catholic publicist. Edward uses the character of early Lutheran teachings to stress the difference between the limited vernacular literatures to lay readers before 1512 and what is currently known to the historian familiar with lathers works. Luther’s views were highly publicized by catholic rebuttals. In the hidden sides of Vietnam War Friedman is trying to identify some of the truth. Friedman argues that during the Vietnam War the United States was only seeking to undermine Hanoi’s subversion of the Saigon regime by sending Vietnamese operatives behind the enemy’s line. The secret to most of the Americans was that this covert operation was far from secret in Hanoi because all the commandos were either killed or captured and thereafter turned into communists to report false information. Using Bernay’s propaganda we can say that the U. S propaganda did its job incorrectly. This is because the educated section of the population accepted the government Vietnam War propaganda without questions. The United States was the one attacking southern Vietnam but it claimed that it was not the one because most of the American population was against those attacks. Book Review. The book â€Å"voices of a people’s history of united states† by Howard Zinn talks about gives the history of the fight for human dignity. He highlights some of the most significance political acts which were perceived to be the sound of the real human voice. This book assist me in understanding the modern American history for it highlights the idea that the minimization of resistance can only be achieved through the propagation of the idea that power remains with people who have guns, who posses wealth, own newspapers and also those who own television stations. The book assists me in understanding the reason as to why there are movements to fight the lack of voice brought about by lack of power.

Changes of Hester Prynne in Hawthornes Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In Nathanial Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the reader meets the character Hester Prynne who as the novel progresses, one notices the changes in her character are very dramatic. The changes are both physical and in her mannerism’s. There are many significant events which took place before the start of the novel and during the novel. Some of these events that lead to this dramatic change include the affect of wearing the scarlet letter, the secrets which she keeps, and her daughter Pearl’s evil characteristics. By these events, Hester Prynne’s image is transformed throughout the time of the story. As Hester wears the scarlet letter, the reader can feel how much of an outcast Hester becomes. When walking through town, â€Å"†¦she never raised her head to receive their greeting. If they were resolute to accost her, she laid her finger on the scarlet letter and passed on† (Hawthorne, 127).She believes that she is not worthy of the towns acknowledgments and chooses to ignore them. The guilt that now rests in Hester is overwhelming to her and is a reason of her change in personality. The secrets which Hester keeps are because she is silent and hardly talks to anyone. â€Å"Various critics have interpreted her silence†¦ as both empowering†¦ and disempowering†¦ Yet silence, in Hester’s case, offers a type of passive resistance to male probing† (Elbert, 258). One may refer back to the scene at the beginning when Reverend Wilson is trying to get the name of the other sinner. As Hester refuses, one may see this as a foreshadowing for other events. Hester is a strong woman who would not tell a soul the secrets that interconnect Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. The secrets however begin to take a toll of Hester especially as Chillingworth comes to town and is dying to know who the father of Pearl is. As a living reminder of Hester’s extreme sin, Pearl is her constant companion. From the beginning Pearl has always been considered as an evil child. For Hester to take care of such a demanding child, put lots of stress onto her life. Hester at times was in a state of uncontrollable pressure. â€Å"Gazing at Pearl, Hester Prynne often dropped her work upon her knees, and cried out with an agony which she would fain have hidden, but which made utterance for itself, betwixt speech and a groan, ‘O Father in heaven- if Thou art still my Father- what is this being which I have brought into the world!’† (Hawthorne, 77).

Montags Influences in Farenheit 451 Essays -- Ray Bradburys Fahrenhe

In the novel, FAHRENHEIT 451 by Ray Bradbury, Guy Montag lives in an inverted society, where firemen make fires instead of put them out, and pedestrians are used as bowling pins for cars that are excessively speeding. The people on this society are hypnotized by giant wall size televisions and seashell radios that are attached to everyone’s ears. People in Montag’s society do not think for themselves or even generate their own opinions; everything is given to them by the television stations they watch. In this society, if someone is in possession of a book, their books are burned by the firemen, but not only their books, but their entire home. Montag begins realizing that the things in this society are not right. Montag is influenced and changes over the course of the novel. The strongest influences in Montag’s life are Clarisse, the burning on 11 Elm Street and Captain Beatty. Firstly, Montag is influenced by Clarisse McClellan because she is the first person he has met that is not like the rest of the society. Clarisse is a young 17 year old girl that Montag quickly becomes very fond of. Clarisse influences Montag by the way she questioned Montag, the way she admires nature, and her death. Clarisse first influenced Montag by the way she began questioning him often. Her questions would make him think for himself unlike the rest of society. â€Å"Then she seemed to remember something and came back to look at him with wonder and curiosity. â€Å"Are you happy?† she said. â€Å"Am I what?† he cried. But she was gone- running in the moonlight† (Bradbury, 10). Clarisse was one of the only people that Montag had ever met that had ever asked him that. This question that she asked him influenced him because he thinks about, and Montag asks himself tha... ...vel FAHRENHEIT 451, the main character is influenced by many different sources. Bradbury writes of a fire fighter that has realized that the society he lives in isn’t right and makes the protagonist want to make a change. Guy Montag is influenced by a teenage girl that makes him realize the beauty’s of the world. Guy is also influenced by a fire that burns a woman alive. Montag steals a book from that fire and that is the beginning of when he begins his mission to find out why his society has become the way it is, and his greater mission of changing society so that everyone in it can think for themselves. Captain Beatty is one of the greatest influences in Guy’s life because of his knowledge, the information of Clarisse’s death and when guy is forced to murder the fire captain. Making Montag’s greatest influences, Clarisse, the fire on Elm Street and Captain Beatty.

Feminism Essay

Feminist ideas of freedom suggest that outside social forces that are repressive can corrupt an individual’s desires and limits their thinking abilities. Jean Grimshaw was a feminist philosopher who analyzed this concept. Grimshaw with other feminists believed that these repressive forces come from male domination in society. Questions about the self are important to feminists because they are constantly trying to figure out a woman’s autonomy. Feminist philosophers have come up with many approaches to the self. Jean Grimshaw goes back to an argument from Aristotle. Aristotle questions what makes people do things voluntarily and out of free will. Aristotle says that that actions that originate from inside the self are desires or intentions and actions that originate from outside are not. Jean Grimshaw however questions whether those desires that come from outside are not really one’s own desires. There is a constant conflict between internal and external constraints. Feminist authors such as Mary Daly, Marilyn Frye and Kate Millet wrote books on how women have been conditioned in their thinking by men, therefore cannot have their own desires. Feminists agree that women are deprived of their free will because men treat them as robots and this changes a woman’s personality. Based on the books of these three authors there is many things to conclude about the self. The self is aware of its interests, it is altered because of the interference of male domination and the only way to really have a true self is to fight against those social effects of domination. A woman must understand the changes they are going through by men in society in order to reveal the self. I believe that if someone is constantly thinking that there are outside forces that disable form being they they must change that. If the male society undermines women, and women continue to accept it then they are not following their own desires. One must understand the constraints that they are dealing with in order to make independent choices to be liberated.

World War II1 essays

World War II1 essays As a person looks at the last thousand years of history, many events come to mind. To be more specific, many world-changing events have occurred. Many of them have good explanations, or just reason as to why they happened. There were also a handful of events that had no rhyme or reason. These are the events the world may never understand. In the writer's mind, these are the events that changed the world the most. There is one particular event that seems to stand out when considering only the events of the 1900's. The events of World War II are broad and abundant, from the advances in warfare and technology to the cruelty of using genocide to gain power. Genocide took a major role in the occurrences during the war. It involved persecution of Jews and other minorities. This is the event during the war that appalls the writer. Why the Nazis would put the Jewish people through such devastation is something the world may never know. What we do know is how they did it. It began as a proclamation by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. His proclamation was that Germans were a superior race destined to rule the world. Hitler drilled this thought into the minds of his fellow Germans until they believed it to be true. In order to rule the world, Hitler felt it necessary to rid the world of all inferior races. The Jews were one of the races he thought inferior. They were blamed for all of Germany's problems. Due to these beliefs, Hitler took action. He did so by organizing SS units, otherwise known as mobile killing units. The job of commanding these units was given to Heinrich Himmler. His orders were to kill all the civilians possible, especially the Jews. The executions were done by shooting the people in nearby fields. Overall, the SS units were believed to have killed almost 1.4 million Jews. This was only the beginning of the persecution. The next step to Hitler's plan was ghettos. Jewish citizen...

OJ Simpson Trial essays

OJ Simpson Trial essays The beginning of what has been referred to as The Trial of the Century took place in the prestigious Brentwood area of Los Angeles, California. Orenthal James Simpson is a former college and NFL football star, sports commentator, and actor. The criminal trial of Orenthal James Simpson for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, a friend of Nicole Brown Simpson, became the most publicized case in United States history. It was the longest trial ever held in California. It cost over $15,000,000 to fight and defend and ran up 50,000 pages of trial transcript in the process. One hundred fifty witnesses were called to give evidence before a jury at the Hotel Intercontinental in downtown Los Angeles from January until October (Linder). The drama began on Sunday, June 12, 1994. Sydney Simpson, O.J.s daughter, had a dance recital at Paul Revere Junior High School. O.J. Simpson and Nicole Brown Simpson attended the dance recital separately. O.J. Simpson arrive d at approximately 6 p.m. After the recital Nicole had dinner with the children and a group of friends at The Mezzaluna Resturaunte. This is the same restaurant that victim Ron Goldman, 25, was employed. At around 9:45 p.m., Goldman left the restaurant hoping to meet up with Nicole at her condominium. Shortly after 10 p.m. that back entrance of Nicole Brown Simpson's condominium. The man murdered Nicole and Ronald Goldman, stabbing him nearly thirty times. Just after midnight, Nicole's howling dog attracted the attention of a neighbor. The neighbor discovered the two bodies, and the Brown-Simpson and Goldman investigation began (Find Articles). Meanwhile, O. J. Simpson was aboard American Airlines flight #668 to Chicago. Simpsons flight had taken off from Los Angeles at 11:45. He received a ride to the airport in a limousine driven by Allan Park, an employee of the Town and Country Limousine Company. The limou...

Overweight essays

Overweight essays Imagine a man wearing a dress to a wedding reception and crying at the moment the couple are announced husband and wife. Is a man wearing a dress and crying a little too feminine in a situation like a wedding? The point is, should boys ever act and be like girls? Cooper Thompson, who wrote "A New Vision of Masculinity," proposes to change the masculinity in males by "[socializing] boys more like girls" (Leonard Eron qtd. in Thompson 70). Thompson also claims traditional masculinity is "life threatening" if used to "exploit and dominate others" (69). He considers replacing the old views of masculinity with a new form where men and women can be equal by teaching males at an early age in schools to avoid violence and aggression while learning to accept feminine qualities. Thompson's views of traditional masculinity being harmful to society are wrong. His limited vision allows him to see the positive sides of men and their masculinity. Violence and aggression are never taught in public schools, but those actions are stopped at the instant a fight starts or unfair competition arises. The problems that occur in society are not because of male masculinity but by unselfish acts and carelessness. The focus should not be on changing the views of masculinity because it does no harm to our society now. Thompson defines traditional masculinity as having "independence, pride, resiliency, self-control, and physical strength" and these qualities create "competitiveness, toughness, aggressiveness and power" (67). He continues to point out that these qualities lead men and boys to having homophobia and misogyny, hatred of gay men and women because of their feminine qualities. The traditional views of masculinity, that Thompson states, "are indeed positive qualities for males, provided that they are not manifested in obsessive ways." Therefore, it is not harmful or dangerous except for very specific situations of war, terrorist or ...

Free international trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free international trade - Essay Example Free international trade has led to maintenance of peace and stability, integration of the global financial systems and growth in the per capita consumption in the national economies (Feenstra, 2004). Free international trade benefits the countries through increased innovation and competition that leads to the reduction in the costs of production and market prices for the products. In this case, the open market practices put pressure on firms to implement innovative manufacturing technologies in order to compete effectively with their foreign counterparts in the same markets (Frederking, 2010). Secondly, free international trade generates more economic growth through encouraging risk-taking by companies and more investments. In this case, American free trade exports support more than 15,000 jobs. In addition, free international trade disseminates capitalist ideals and democratic values since the countries engaged in free trade agreements have a duty to comply with the pre-agreed econ omic rules and standards such as the free movement of labor, protection of intellectual property and cross-border movement of foreign direct investments (Feenstra, 2004). ... The agreement contains provisions that guarantee non-discrimination in the trade of digital products and regulatory efficiency in order to foster increased trade volumes between the two countries. Another milestone in deepening free international trade is the Peru-United States trade promotion agreement of 2007 that seeks to promote private investments between the two countries and eliminate obstacles to free trade. The trade agreement seeks to attract foreign investments, enhance the trade competitiveness and generate more employment (Berg and Lewer, 2007). The USA-South Korea free trade agreement of 2011 encourages increased trade between the two countries through ensuring more than $ 1 billion of US farm exports to South Korea are exempted from customs duties and reducing the previous quotas. South Korea will cut the tariffs on US beef imports and taxes based on engine displacement in order to encourage US car manufacturers to export their cars to the market. at the same time, the US government is expected to provide economic aid to South Korean farmers and support South Korea in the privatization of the public companies in order to increase trade competitiveness between the two countries. According to Bogota, Colombia government waited for long for the free trade agreement with United States and the deal will increase Columbia’s long-term economic growth and increase the exports from $ 17 billion to $ 50 billion within a period of five years (Bogota, 5). In addition, the US government is weighing trade benefits that will result from several proposed free trade agreements with countries such as transatlantic Free trade area with European Union and New Zealand-US trade agreements. In

Teens and young adults covet certain brand-name clothing because they Essay

Teens and young adults covet certain brand-name clothing because they believe it promotes a particular image - Essay Example The brand image is a key factor that determines the success in marketing a brand. The image helps products associated with a particular brand to stand out from competing products. A good brand creates a connection with the customer as the sole total solution to the customer’s wants. It positions itself as being the consumer’s first choice. This essay will outline the role of companies and their consumers in branding. By means of examples, it will seek to establish who drives a brand image. Company role in branding Brands like Coca Cola, Gillette, Pepsi and Adidas are successful all over the world. This success and positive reception by the consumers can be attributed to quite a number of roles played by the companies. Strategic marketing, with an objective and a target audience is essential in developing a positive brand image. A key example is Adidas’ association with sports. Adidas has over the years sponsored sports competitions such as the Adidas Championship Football and hence increased its brand’s visibility. Adidas also place big sized shoes at public places. These Adidas branded shoes increase the company’s visibility and hence a stronger brand image. A simple slogan and company symbol are also essential in creating a permanent association to the brand by the consumer. Symbols such as Adidas’ three blue stripes and Nike’s tick are easily recognizable. These two symbols are associated with sports in the eyes of the consumer (Philip 2006). Building a strong brand image also entails endorsements and association with the right persons. Association with well known, successful and trusted personalities increases the chances of a brand having an edge over its competitors. Association with well known persons may give the customer a sense of security on a product and a feeling of attachment to the star. This is especially true when the consumer is a fan of the endorser. Such endorsements come mostly from sports pe rsonalities, such as Jordan’s endorsement for Nike. David Beckham and Zinadine Zidane, two legendary football stars remind one of Adidas. Along with these roles, manufacturing quality products that satisfy consumers’ needs, having a good public reputation as a company and delivering promises on a product helps create a strong brand image (Philip 2006). The brand name Adidas is easy to recall. It stands out from competitors’ names and the logo is easily noticeable. This creates a distinct identity hence image of Adidas on consumers. Adidas has dedicated resources to aid in optimization of its products so as to be able to deliver the best sportswear and equipment a sportsperson can access. This has led to production of quality products and hence reinforced Adidas’ brand image in sports. Adidas CEO, Adi Dassler ensures personal presence at important sports functions thereby creating a connection between him and consumers. This earns Adidas consumer loyalty a nd more attachment to the brand (Aaker & Joachimsthaler 2006) Consumers’ role in branding The consumer’s role in branding cannot pass un-noticed by companies. Consumers have needs and expectations on a product. They tend to choose the product which meets their needs and fulfils their expectations. With online forums and social networking sites, consumers can discuss and rate various brands of a product. The shared opinions form an image of the respective brands to new consumers. This image governs the new consumers’

Pros & Cons of School Principals changing schools every 3 years Assignment

Pros & Cons of School Principals changing schools every 3 years - Assignment Example ble information at one location and then upon moving within a period of 3 or so years, transmit that information plus whatever subject matter expertise they have learned at the prior location to the new posting (Wallace, 2009). Conversely, the biggest drawback to such an approach is the fact that many times principles are not on the ground long enough at the location to see the result of whatever changes they hoped to effect. With such a short time to engage the shareholders, it is not even possible for a principle to see the incoming freshman graduate from high school. This inability to realize many goals and see plans come to fruition is more than damaging due to the fact that it not only has an effect on the shareholders within the educational system but also on the outlook that the principle himself/herself engages. With the attitude that change is not even worth engaging due to the fact that they will never see the fruits of this, a very depressing and complacent attitude can be

CONSTRUCTING AN INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO Coursework

CONSTRUCTING AN INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO - Coursework Example Implementation complexities in constructing an effective portfolio possess risk factors, which make it necessary for crucial exposure and assessment of opportunities for the investment in the international real estate market. There has been an increase in international investments especially in international real estate markets, which is clear from the UK listed and unlisted wholesale markets. It is evident that most products fall under the value-added or opportunistic and risk or reward; hence they offer a wide range of the investments returns. The international listed real estate funds have different collective strategies according to different regions as indicated by fig.1. There is a variation of real estate types depending on the countries or country targeted. Consequently, there are different ways of gaining exposure to the investable market. Various options are employed to acquire and manage equity interests for international real estate investments. The aim of the paper is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying various methods for gaining exposure to the real estate investments. In addition, it evaluates the different methods used to fully acquire and manage equity interests in international real estate investments. Real estate refers to; the commercial sectors of office, retail, industrial, and leased residential real estate sectors. The real estate appraisers in the UK reflect value of asset factors such as expected income growth, risk of liquidity, management costs, income growth related risks, and the tenant default risk that enables the capitalization of the current and future income expectations and streams. This indicates that the international real estate investment can offer a number of investment features that have different risk levels. The different investment procedures makes it possible for the income streams to be cut in many ways and offers

Medical Simulation Training and Action Science Essay

Medical Simulation Training and Action Science - Essay Example It lays emphasis on establishing new routines and learning new frameworks. With action science, new opportunities are identified; any potential fault or threat is identified and corrected (Action design, 2011). In this context, the change in medical practice from the traditional approach, where the interns acquired procedural training at the bedside of real patients to use of simulation experiences or models to teach interns, is an example of an unavoidable scenario and demands for intervention which action science offers. Action science offers axiological interventions at critical points of the medical teaching setup that will demonstrate the significance of embracing use of models in teaching residents at a time when emerging issues of patient safety are becoming real. At this point, it is critical to highlight the objectives of this research. The fundamental goal of this research is to determine whether simulation or the use of models is an effective didactic intervention for pedi atric residents. Other points of focus include: whether there exists a standardized procedural curriculum that is recognized by the other residency programs, need for more educational interventions, will simulation training increase a resident’s confidence and translate into competency when doing procedures on real patients and ability of residents to sustain for a long time the proficiency of gained procedural skills. These critical issues shall be addressed by the dissertation but we cannot avoid highlighting them at this point in order to keep them in perspective as we demonstrate the applicability of action science to the core objectives of the research. As previously stated, action science aims to increase the confidence and skills of an individual or group of people and promote long-term group and individual effectiveness (Argyris, 1992). With the unavoidable change occurring within hospitals, it has become increasingly hard for residents to be taught with real patients , the use of models has been suggested and adopted for use as a viable alternative to the traditional approach. Action science will provide a platform for the development of skills and confidence of the individual residents to the extent that they will be able to handle real patients better. They will be able to use their procedural skills and with more confidence and their overall effectiveness will be enhanced. Action science is a plan of action and consists of a series of steps and actions that can be effected in a way that the participants (residents) can eventually end up developing the right confidence in performing procedures on real patients from the experience gained from working on or with models. The idea here is to use action science ideas and concepts to enhance the procedural skills and confidence of residents. Working in an environment that is ever changing, each participant has to develop an ability and readiness to change accordingly (Action design, 2011). The idea is to use the action science principles in a manner that will enable participants (residents) to adapt to the needs of the ever changing work environment. The need to use models rather than real patients is indeed a great change. The model and the real patient are different in so many ways. Having to use models to learn critical procedural skills is important and with the use of action science it then becomes much easier for the residents to learn while using models since action science

Visual culture of cosmetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual culture of cosmetics - Essay Example In life,a woman is both a generation of red roses which passes its genetics properly to the following off-springs and the rose in the hair of a baby child when attending another womans wedding:a symbol of the cycle of life(a child comes from love,grows in love and embarks on the ship of love to the next home that it will nourish in the following family.)this is the cycle of womanhood in life as properly as possible the more the woman is more intellectual and thoughtful and caring and loving and unbalanced in her life. Women are schools of thoughts,the better they are raised,the better the off-springs of following generations there are. Photo one is about intellect:the woman in her early years of understanding life through reading and becoming the next Jane Austen of her age and what she admires most in life is loving intellect and for women to be empowered to be the most well bred beings which are the pride of the fathers and families instead of the pride in men because of gender preferentials. Photo two is about family:when a woman is intellectual there is a greater chance of her becoming a better mother for the family. The best civilization that could portray women is the Ancient Egyptian. This civilization shows women to be the reason why such civilization flourished:because women knew where to stand in society and raised men who lead an empire to its eternity. Photo three is about maternal love:with a well nourished and fearless child surrounded by motherly love he or she could rise in life and be a soaring eagle when in the upper parts of the atmosphere and still breathe the fresh air and not choke or suffocate of any kind of fumes as it will be able to flourish and nurture its ambitions under all conditions having the base of such ambition strong and well bred through the main source of it:the mother. Photo four is about the future in the eyes of the child:the mother works for the child and is best seen as someone who loves to be

An understanding of product is essential for effective marketing Essay

An understanding of product is essential for effective marketing. Discuss - Essay Example The welfare of customers and other stakeholders must be considered as the primary objective of a business. In this respect, marketing activities includes all these important factors that enhances the value of an organisation and ultimately leads to wealth creation of its stakeholders. Marketing is broad concept and a crucial primary activity of a value chain. According to Robert Skrob, â€Å"using sound marketing principle, strategies, and techniques will allow you to build a large list, form great relationships with your clients, and provide them with outstanding products and services - things they want, get value from, and that you are proud of† (Skrob, 2008, p.63). Therefore, for establishing and achieving long term success, a business organisation must formulate an effective marketing strategy. The increasing competition in the business world is one of the vital reasons that have increased the significance of marketing strategy. A successful marketing strategy enables an o rganisation to achieve competitive advantage. It enables a company to gain an upper hand position in the market. Product or service is the core factor that serves the consumers’ demand and utility. It is the prime factor for running a business. This paper will attempt to deal with the understanding of product for effective marketing. In this respect, the paper will discuss various aspects of product that affect product strategies. Various theories and models will be presented to support the primary objective of this essay. Finally in the conclusion section, overall discussions and analysis will be summed up. In the process of strategic management, a marketer must consider four primary component of marketing. These marketing components are product, price, promotion and place. The four components of marketing are known as ‘marketing mix’ or four ‘Ps of marketing’. Marketing mix can be defined as the basis of marketing strategy and it â€Å"establishes

Visual culture of cosmetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual culture of cosmetics - Essay Example In life,a woman is both a generation of red roses which passes its genetics properly to the following off-springs and the rose in the hair of a baby child when attending another womans wedding:a symbol of the cycle of life(a child comes from love,grows in love and embarks on the ship of love to the next home that it will nourish in the following family.)this is the cycle of womanhood in life as properly as possible the more the woman is more intellectual and thoughtful and caring and loving and unbalanced in her life. Women are schools of thoughts,the better they are raised,the better the off-springs of following generations there are. Photo one is about intellect:the woman in her early years of understanding life through reading and becoming the next Jane Austen of her age and what she admires most in life is loving intellect and for women to be empowered to be the most well bred beings which are the pride of the fathers and families instead of the pride in men because of gender preferentials. Photo two is about family:when a woman is intellectual there is a greater chance of her becoming a better mother for the family. The best civilization that could portray women is the Ancient Egyptian. This civilization shows women to be the reason why such civilization flourished:because women knew where to stand in society and raised men who lead an empire to its eternity. Photo three is about maternal love:with a well nourished and fearless child surrounded by motherly love he or she could rise in life and be a soaring eagle when in the upper parts of the atmosphere and still breathe the fresh air and not choke or suffocate of any kind of fumes as it will be able to flourish and nurture its ambitions under all conditions having the base of such ambition strong and well bred through the main source of it:the mother. Photo four is about the future in the eyes of the child:the mother works for the child and is best seen as someone who loves to be

The Movie Supersize Me Essay Example for Free

The Movie Supersize Me Essay Supersize Me is the perfect movie to watch to understand the importance of diet and eating habits. It teaches us specifically about the dangers of fast food as well as what foods are better options! Supersize Me is a great teaching tool for all who watch. This documentary shows us the risks of eating fast food, specifically McDonald’s. Morgan Spurlock ate nothing but McDonald’s fast food for thirty days straight. He gained 25 pounds and also doubled his chances for heart disease, which shocked me. I knew that fast food was terrible, but that quick of a weight gain plus the drastic increase for chances of heart disease was astounding. It took Morgan 14 months to lose his extra weight and he said it was nothing close to being easy, which I can believe. The fact that forty percent of meals are eaten out of the house daily is a crazy statistic and one that I believe should not exist! I completely agree that fast food is a problem that contributes to obesity. As the documentary stated, sixty percent of overweight people eat fast food consistently. I am very glad that this documentary included ways schools are affecting obesity in their students, as I think that bad eating habits start at a young age. Any chance to decrease obesity and poor health due to diet is a positive change, and I salute the schools that are trying to do so. Some schools have banned soda vending machines and even prohibited students from bringing soda, which I think is a great start. I think that school lunches, however, are generally on the unhealthy side. More should be done to promote healthy dietary habits that go beyond removing soda. Overall, this documentary was a great one. I hate it for Spurlock that he had to go through all the health issues. It scared me when he got so bad that the doctors were telling him to stop so his heart and liver didn’t give out. To watch that happen to someone is hard, especially when it is 100% preventable from a dietary standpoint. Also, I like how this film pointed out McDonald’s specifically. Being the first fast food restaurant in the world has also led it to be the biggest. Which, may be great for them and all, but the fact that it contributes to forty-three percent of the fast food industry is incredible, and not in a good way. Going into nursing really  makes me view the world in a different light. This documentary opened my eyes to the dangers of fast food. I personally enjoy eating some French fries and chicken nuggets every now and then. But now I am much more cautious about how often I do this. I know that eating it every day for every meal is way different than eating it every now and again, maybe a few times a month, but the fact that the food served at these restaurants (can you even call it that?) have so much power to harm the body is something that the world should know! And I am g lad that Supersize Me aimed to inform!

Ethics Of Pre Implantation Genetic Testing Philosophy Essay

Ethics Of Pre Implantation Genetic Testing Philosophy Essay Humanity revolves around procreation. We need to reproduce in order to produce future generations. In the past few years, science and medicine has gained an immense amount of knowledge about pregnancy and the underlying developmental stages of how it works. Furthermore, science is progressively improving, resulting in our ability to diagnose, manipulate and sometimes treat genetic abnormalities. Procedures such as the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) were developed as a means to avoid selective abortions by detecting that the embryo is free of terrible lethal genetic diseases such as Huntingtons disease. However, recently PGD has been raising some ethical questions as people began using this technology for medically unrelated and unjustified reasons. Vanity and secondary motives of patients who use PGD for the creation of designer babies and savior siblings violates the fundamental principle of morality. Using PGD for reasons other than justified genetic testing is impermissi ble because it treats the potential baby as a means not as ends in itself; therefore, it violates Kants second categorical imperative. Scientific Background PGD works through a process of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). In this procedure, multiple eggs are produced, retrieved from the ovaries and [manually] fertilized with the husbands sperm in a laboratory, outside of the female body3. As the embryos develop in vitro, embryo biopsy is performed by removing a single cell from each three day old embryo4. These cells are analyzed-by a variety of methods-for particular chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in order to distinguish which embryos are free of genetic disease. Normal, healthy embryos are then transferred into the uterus where they can grow and develop into a healthy child. Arguments Kant Immanuel Kant came up with a moral philosophy that was based on a theory of the Categorical Imperative. These are valid principles based off of the concept of duty that must be obeyed by all and are good in and of themselves. The second categorical imperative states that one should Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end2. In other words, one has perfect duty to not use someone as a means to achieve a personal goal. This principle of rationality formulates the core of moral law and requirements that rational agents must follow. Furthermore, each rational being has autonomy, or a free will to define their own law. However, possession of autonomy by each being implies that all persons should be treated equally, with the same amount of respect and one cannot infringe on the others rational will. The intuitive essence of humanity, therefore, objects to usin g others as a mere tool because it overlooks ones integrity and humanness. So, one cannot assert a moral right to own a person-like a piece of property-because proprietary right over a person denies any existence of a free rational action; furthermore, it denies the person a right to be an end in themselves. But, humans have value and worth; hence, they require to be respected. Each person deserves to be respected for his/her integral being (of who they are). While PGD is performed on fetuses, its use is still unjustified because fetuses are potential persons and therefore, require the same amount of respect as any other person. Furthermore, the use of PGD in creating designer babies and savior siblings violates Kants second categorical imperative. Designer Babies A very compelling argument against PGD arises out of its questionable potential use in creating perfect designer babies. The technology behind PGD would allow parents to select specific and nonessential traits (such as eye color, height, athletic ability, even intelligence) that they want their child to express. Such technology is reminiscent of the Build-a-Bear Workshop but for grown-ups. Using PGD as a means for eugenics is fallacious and unjustified in many ways, such as its violation of the second categorical imperative. Parents have abused PGD use in order to have it cater to their individual conceited expectations of creating a perfect child. They vainly pick and chose the traits they find beneficial and get rid of ones they find unhealthy or unperfect so they could satisfy their goal of not having a financially and socially burdensome child. Not only is this wrong because it discriminates against the disabled but also because it violates the core value of humanity by infringing upon the childs autonomous will by treating him/her as a means to an inappropriate end. The parents social and economic ends are being pursued while the childs ends are being neglected. In designing a child, parents destruct the childs will (in a few different ways) therefore, they fail to treat them as an end in themselves. Physically, parents annihilate certain features their child would naturally possess (not to mention the obliteration of unwanted fetuses). By doing so, parents fail to treat the child humanely. Also, al tering mental abilities of a child is deceptive and confuses their will. Hence, it overlooks the rational ability of a-potential-rational agent and his/her end in himself/herself. Finally, parents restrict their childs will by altering their whole mental and physical being and not allowing them to pursue their individual goals as they see fit4. In order for the mental and physical humanity to be treated as an end, ones will must exist. However, when parents select traits for their child, they overlook their childs dignified and humane right to be how they were naturally meant to be. They use their child as a means to reach some vain, social or economical end, therefore, violating Kants second categorical imperative. Every human being is a rational agent (even the fetus which is a potential person) and has autonomy; therefore, one should not be treated as a means to an end. Because the use of PGD allows parents to use their children as a means to an unjustified end, its use is imperm issible. Savior Siblings Another issue with using PGD rises out of its unjustified creation of savior siblings. A savior sibling is a child created by tissue typing and help of PGD in hope of providing a perfect HLA-match for the seriously sick sibling in order to save his/her life. While the engineered child does not benefit or is harmed, the implications of such procedure are morally unethical. It objectifies the child, viewing him/her as a mere commodity, disregarding the childs humane right to equality. Treating such child as a tool to cure another violates an ethical principle of treating a person as an end in himself/herself (violates the second CI) because it uses the child as a means for which to treat the unhealthy older sibling. Such applications of PGD resemble slavery, where the savior child is a slave and the parent is a slave-owner. The parent would possess a right to own the slave child affirming the child as a commodity. But a child is not an object to have possession over; the child is a per son who requires respect and possesses an autonomous will to be an end in himself/herself. Therefore, creating a slave or savior sibling would violate the categorical imperative due to the demolishment of the childs free rational action. Thus, use of PGD for the creation of savior (slave) siblings is unjustified because it strongly violates Kants second categorical imperative. Furthermore, creation of savior siblings leads to other problems. In addition to being unethical, there is a strong belief that a childs profound identity would be impaired. They would be viewed as a secondary gain, a tool solely designed for the purpose of saving another life. This impaired will of the child would lead to countless psychological problems. The mental aspect of the childs humane nature would be compromised-the child would lack self-esteem and self-rescpect-as he/she would not be praised for his/her individual value but rather as a means to a particular end. Parents, by using PGD for instrumentalization of their children, would violate the childs autonomous will and individual personal value by using them as mere means to parental ends and limit[ing] a childs right to an open future4. In sum, PGD promotes unjustified creation of designer babies and savior siblings. The use of this technology allows parents to use their children (or potential children) as a means to satisfy their parental end; therefore, neglecting the childs autonomous will to be an end in himself/herself. Thus using PGD to create designer babies and savior siblings is impermissible because it violates Kants second categorical imperative. Opposition PGD is argued to be unethical in this paper; however, others view its use acceptable and nothing more than a legitimate autonomous right of parents to produce healthy children. They believe that because parents are the most socially and economically affected by the birth of a child, then they should have the right and freedom to choose the identity of their offspring. Having a healthy child is in the parents interest because it is less socially and financially constraining and burdensome. Besides, being healthy is in the best interest of the child as well. The child would want to live a happy and healthy life, free of disease. If PGD can provide a tool for removing such lethal and stigmatizing disease form society, then it should be perfectly plausible to be able to use it. Parents have a right to choose what it best for their children and family; therefore, using PGD as a means that will allow them to select for traits they see best fit for their child would be perfectly justified. Rebuttal However, while these are plausible reasons for the use of PGD, they are not strong enough to justify its immoral applications. Every single individual-even the potential person and the disabled-has a right to autonomy. No one can or should be able to define what life is worth living; furthermore, no one can impose the quality of life of principle on another. As previously stated, we can not say that the disabled lead a good or a bad life; it is simply not for us to decide. In fact, values of good and bad are of human conception and will vary from person to person. Parents need to take responsibility, financially and mentally for their child regardless of its physical well-being. Good parent do not choose; furthermore, they do not use their child as a means to appease their interest of having a less socially and financially constraining life. Using PGD for vain reasons is never morally justified. Using PGD for medicinal reasons is appropriate; however, using it for designer babies and savior siblings violates the fundamental principle of ethics (Kants second categorical imperative) and therefore, can never be morally justified. Conclusion In conclusion, PGD has revolutionized reproduction. It has granted access into a remote realm by allowing persons to select favorable genetic characteristics of offspring before implantation. However, while its promising view of the world without suffering and disease sounds appealing, moral justifications of PGD and its policy raise many concerns. More specifically, some of the issues with the use of this technology deal with the unjustified creation of designer babies and savior siblings. These are serious issues, the implications of which can have destructive and irreversible consequences on the present and future generations. While some of the applications of PGD may be accepted; nevertheless, as of now, the risks outweigh the benefits. It is not medicines role to make one more socially accepted or be better-off. Those are not the types of standards for us to decide. Intentional destruction of potential human life is never justified. PGD runs on a dangerously thin line of potenti al medicinal benefit and playing God. It also violates Kants second categorical imperative by treating fetuses as a mere means to an end. Therefore, until clear, strictly medicinal and ethical applications of PGD are established, the use of this technology can not be justified.

The Criminal Justice System Essay examples -- Restorative Justice, Me

The criminal justice system views any crime as a crime committed against the state and places much emphasis on retribution and paying back to the community, through time, fines or community work. Historically punishment has been a very public affair, which was once a key aspect of the punishment process, through the use of the stocks, dunking chair, pillory, and hangman’s noose, although in today’s society punishment has become a lot more private (Newburn, 2007). However it has been argued that although the debt against the state has been paid, the victim of the crime has been left with no legal input to seek adequate retribution from the offender, leaving the victim perhaps feeling unsatisfied with the criminal justice process. Furthermore can formal social control institutions such as the criminal justice system and the government provide the best aspect of producing conformity and law abiding behaviour? Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory is concerned with what effect formal institutions have on conformity in individuals and in particular, how law abiding behaviour is produced due to these institutions (Walklate, 2005). However Wilson (2007) argues that formal methods of social control such as the criminal justice system are merely there to control and segregate delinquents and offenders who have not had adequate socialisation, which is where social mores are learnt and when conformity is produced, and that an alternative form of social control such as restorative justice might produce more effective results. The concept of restorative justice was heavily shaped by the work of John Braithwaite (1989) who in turn was inspired by indigenous practices in New Zealand and Australia, whereby the significance of family value... ...apabilities to deal with this which is not the case so much nowadays as Tony Marshall (1999) argues. There are criticisms over procedures, loss of rights such as an independent and impartial forum as well as the principle of proportionality in sentencing. There is also an unrealistic expectation that restorative justice can produce major changes in deviant behaviour, as there is not enough evidence to support this claim (Cunneen, 2007). Levrant et al (1999) on the other hand suggests that restorative justice still remains unproven in its’ effectiveness to stop reoffending and argues that its appeal lies in its apparent morality and humanistic sentiments rather than its empirical effectiveness. He continues to argue that it allows people to feel better within themselves through having the moral high ground rather than focusing on providing justice to the offender.

Drug Dependence :: essays research papers

Drug Dependence In order for a chemical to be considered a drug it must have the capacity to affect how the body works--to be biologically active. No substance that has the power to do this is completely safe, and drugs are approved only after they demonstrate that they are relatively safe when used as directed, and when the benefits outweigh their risks. Thus, some very dangerous drugs are approved because they are necessary to treat serious illness. Digitalis, which causes the heart muscle to contract, is a dangerous drug, but doctors are permitted to use it because it is vital for treating patients whose heart muscle is weak. A drug as potent as digitalis would not be approved to treat such minor ailments as temporary fatigue because the risks outweigh the benefits. Many persons suffer ill effects from drugs even though they take the drug exactly as directed by the doctor or the label. The human population, unlike a colony of ants or bees, contains a great variety of genetic variation. Drugs are tested on at most a few thousand people. When that same drug is taken by millions, some people may not respond in a predictable way to the drug. A person who has a so-called idiosyncratic response to a particular sedative, for example, may become excited rather than relaxed. Others may be hypersensitive, or extremely sensitive, to certain drugs, suffering reactions that resemble allergies. A patient may also acquire a tolerance for a certain drug. This means that ever-larger doses are necessary to produce the desired therapeutic effect. Tolerance may lead to habituation, in which the person becomes so dependent upon the drug that he or she becomes addicted to it. Addiction causes severe psychological and physical disturbances when the drug is taken away. Morphine, cocaine, and Benzedrine are common habit-forming drugs. Finally, drugs often have unwanted side effects. These usually cause only minor discomfort such as a skin rash, headache, or drowsiness.

Famous Thinkers

Famous Thinkers Roxanne Serna PHL/458 July 30, 2012 Trisha Mc Aloon Famous Thinkers Throughout time, there have been many successful people in the world. Famous people with great minds to create new things that would change history itself. In today’s world, the two famous thinkers that have been chosen for this paper truly created a new nation for us. Through persuasion, creative thinking, through their assumptions, that would prove later to be the best possible outcome. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , famous for his â€Å"I had a dream† speech, Franklin D.Roosevelt was famous for creating a better nation during the, â€Å"Great Depression†. These two people truly had a great and creative mind to have come up with the ideas that they had. That one day those ideas that they had would change our great nation. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , was famous for his â€Å"I had a dream† speech, which was given in 1963 during the ‘Freedom Walk in Detroit† (Bro wn, 2012). He was a contributor to pushing the Civil Rights Act, in which, Dr. Martin Luther King attended the signing ceremony of the bill in 1964 (Burro Jr. , 2002).He was a person who believed in freedom of all people regardless of race or color of their skin. He was passionate about what he believed in and used god as a tool to guide him through the road that he walked. Martin Luther King Jr. , not only a spiritual man but also one that would leave a legacy in history. During the time that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was trying to fight the great fight of segregation he was also arrested may times. The arrests were because of not have a permit to demonstrate. Even with these obstacles he was able to continue with his fight for freedom.He overcame these obstacles by being resourceful and learning what he needed to do in order to continue on with his hard work that he had been putting in for the rights and freedom of the people. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s. , goal was for fr eedom for the people to have a right to go where they pleased and so that they did not live in fear because of the color of their skin. A minister, who did not believe in violence and would not associate with any other groups that promoted violence, he chose to deal with getting things done in a non-violent manner.There was even a time when Black Muslims in Harlem assaulted Mr. King (Brown, 2012). Dr. Martin Luther King was even more respected by the people because of his ways of dealing with the issues and handling the issues in a non-violent manner. Through Dr. Martin Luther King efforts he was able to get the Boycott that bus segregation is illegal, Bus segregation was ruled illegal on November 13, 1956, Civil Rights Act signed on July 2, 1964, The Famous speech â€Å"I had a dream†, published a book called, â€Å"Stride Toward Freedom†, won the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 1964 (Brown, 2012).He had so many other great accomplishments throughout his life. He wa s Man of the Year in Times magazine, this was because of all the accomplishments he made in a non-violent way. He was a man that was viewed by the public as a man who can provide the knowledge of how to go about changing segregation. Dr martin Luther King Jr. decided one day that enough was enough and segregation had to be changed. Maybe it was god calling him to try to achieve the unachievable. That is what was though during those times. Segregation was such a major issue that was troubling the African American citizens.I believe Dr. Martin Luther King had to really think and devise a plan that would be error proof. His tactics of non-violence was through he trained mind that he by the power of god would make such a great change. His thinking process was very critical at times, depending on what type of situation he faced. He had to think carefully about what he was going to do and how he would go about it. Creating and organizing his marches and speeches, keeping the people on the same page as what he believed in. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as a very creative and critical when dealing with the ideas and issues he faced. Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in New York in 1882 (The White House, 2012). Franklin D. Roosevelt was also known by FDR. Throughout this paper, we will refer to him as just that FDR. Among many famous thinkers FDR was well know for the â€Å"100 days†. FDR became president in 1933, there were many changes FDR planed to do within ‘100 days' (FDR Library and Museum, n. d. ). During this time was there was lots of turmoil because of what was known as ‘The Great Depression’.He was one of the only Presidents to have severed four terms in office. During his terms in office, he created programs that would still be used today. FDR was such a creative and ingenious person. He created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps, aimed to bring economic relief and reform (FDR Library and Museum, n . d. ). In 1935 the Social Security, Works Progress Administration and the New Deal legislation passed (The White House, 2012). He had to be critical when it came to the Pearl Harbor Booming in 1941.This was something that was so unexpected that happened. FDR had to do something and react fast so that he did not look like a week leader. However, because is his creative and critical thinking process he knew in his mind what would be best for our Nation. In 1942, he goes on to create ‘grand alliance’ of Allied powers through â€Å"the Declaration of the United Nations† (FDR Library and Museum, n. d. ). Serving four terms, he made so many great accomplishments. He got our nation out of the Great Depression and Created the United Nations.Despite FDR’s physical condition he was still able to do the things that were needed to run this country in such a great way that he did not let his disability get in his way. In fact it seemed to have made him stronger. I thi nk he felt to say to the country look at me if I can do it with all that I have going on then there is no excuse for anyone to use a disability as an excuse to get things done. FDR was daring and willing to take chances when nobody believed in his ideas. He proved to be resourceful in all his efforts when he was in office and made such a big difference in our country.Each of these famous thinkers used many different ways of critical thinking and creative thinking. Martin Luther King Jr. seemed to think and analyze what he was doing before he would attempt to go on with an idea he may have. Both thinkers had to use the Cause and Effect to find out if the solutions that they proposed would work or not. They also both used the Creative Process to try their ideas. They searched for that challenge to see if it was achievable and they both found that as they searched they did find what they wanted to achieve.They both not only investigated the problem by the also produced ideas that would change history forever. Each of these famous thinkers could not have done anything differently. If they would have done anything differently, segregation might still exist. If we did not have a president with enough ideas for the challenges that he would face getting our great nation out of the Great Depression. To change anything about these thinkers would change history as we see it then and now. They were both very creative at what they did and achieved what they et out to achieve. References Brown, M. (2012). Time Line of Events in Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s life. Retrieved from http://www. lib. lsu. edu/jum/mlk/srs216. html Burro Jr. , R. (2002). Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s doctrine of Human Dignity. Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(4), 228. FDR Library and Museum. (n. d. ). Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retrieved from http://www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu/education/resources/bio_fdr. html The White House. (2012). Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retrieved from http://w ww. whitehouse. gov/about/president/franklindroosevelt Famous Thinkers Since the beginning of time there have been many famous thinkers and some of the individuals made a difference in society. Not only did he or she think each of them where creative in their own way. Martin Luther King jr. made a difference in society he made contribution. Before he led the segregation black people were not allowed to seat in a bus where white people had a priority to seat and black people had to stand up. He was upset when Rosa Parks was denied a seat because of the color of her skin. Martin Luther King Jr. took a stand to defend the people rights for there was no equality or justice for color people. Both parents of Martin Luther King Jr. parents could not shield him completely from racism. â€Å"He saw much in the world that was out of harmony with God, including segregation in the Southern U. S. †(Leonard, 1998). MLK believe if people truly had a deep relationship with god, then the individual could not hate but instead love. The real problem is that through our scientific genius we've made of the world a neighborhood, but through our moral and spiritual genius we've failed to make of it a brotherhood† (Leonard, 1998). In 1963, during the massive March on Washington by some 250,000 people in behalf of jobs and freedom, King delivered his best-known speech â€Å"I have a dream,† expressed his hope for a better future. He had faith in his vision for the world (Leonard, 1998). MLK was a creative thinker, he in vision and wanted for his communit y to have a better life. People of color did not have the same rights as the white individuals, color people were only associated with the people. Color did the same job but not paid the same as white were afraid of them and discriminated in every way. Time has changed since MLK was alive; because of MLK he saw and felt the need the every person whether your white or color deserves justice and equal rights like our constitution mention â€Å"all men are created equal†. MLK had faced many problems during his time and he knew it need it to be resolve. It took a lot of time to be able to think in many ways to be a resolve each problem. As he was an activism he faced problem during the Civil Rights movement. Every time MLK went he was harassed by the government and media. Since he became an activism and had rally’s with other individuals’ who wanted the same thing as MLK, he received hundreds of calls, letters that threatened to kill him and even the people who were against MLK threw a bomb to his house no one was injured the day it happen. He had so many obstacles but it did not stop him there at all as he kept going even though he got arrested numerous times during the movement. â€Å"Violence never brings permanent peace, it solves no social problems, it merely creates new and more complicated ones. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it† (Leonard, 1998). MLK foresaw that our country can do much so much more for color people. During this time he realizes that in this country not only did the color were poor but also the white. He also realizes there was class inequalities and racism needing it to be addressed. â€Å"He knew that for change to be achieved, the privileged had to be forced to share the vast resources which they exploited and hoarded for themselves† (Jackson, 2007). MLK wanted to do a mass movement were the community got involve in a widespread nonviolent protest; not only did he wanted the black community to get involve but people of color as the people of united states country got into strike and realize they are also important as the white people are. Famous Thinkers The first critical thinker we will look at is Nelson Mandela, he was born on July 18, 1918 in South Africa. He was the first of his family to attend school and after his father died he was supposed to inherit their tribe but decided to go on to school to become a lawyer. This was a major decision in his life and helped shaped him into the leader he would become. In 1944 he joined the African National Congress which fought against apartheid, He was arrested in 1956 for treason and was held for five years, but was found not guilty. In 1962 he was arrested again and convicted of conspiracy and sabotage where he would serve eighteen years of a life sentence. Once released from prison he became president of the African National Congress in 1991 and in 1994 he was elected President of South Africa and was the first black President there. Because of his contributions to apartheid he has won many prizes including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. (â€Å"Promote Tolerance†, 2013). In 1985 while still in prison the current president offered to release Nelson if he renounced his armed struggle , but Nelson rejected it. This clearly shows how dedicated that he was for the cause he believed in (â€Å"Biography. com†, 2013). Because of Nelson’s family background and his father being the leader of a tribe he was definitely thinking outside the box and had aspirations of his own. With the social and political environments he was in there in South Africa and the unrest of segregation set the stage for his future. The factors involved with such segregation contributed to his creativity in many ways which allowed him to be at the forefront of the movement. The solution was a changing of the guard in South Africa and new leaders working together to have apartheid abolished. The issues he south to solve were first and foremost the apartheid issues of the segregation of white and non-whites, secondly the dream of peace between the same white and non-white culture in South Arica (â€Å"Promote Tolerance†, 2013). The next critical thinker I want to look at is Malcolm Little aka Malcolm X. He was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha Nebraska with a family that consisted of seven brothers and sisters and a father that was an outspoken Baptist minister. His father was a supporter of a Black Nationalist leader and they had to move several times due to death threats from the white supremacist organization. Years later their Michigan home as burned down and two years after that his father was found dead on a set a railroad tracks, thought to be done by the white supremacist group. He was later arrested for burglary charges and while in prison continued his education. His brother Reginald visited while in prison and would discuss the religion of Muslim which Reginald belonged to the organization the Nation of Islam. When released from prison in 1952 Malcolm was a devout follower and decided to lose the last name Little as it was a slave name and went with X. Due to some belief issue with one of the leaders Malcolm decided to start his own religious organization called Muslim Mosque, Inc. He fought for human rights and equality in as many ways as he could, and was killed in 1965 by three ex Nation of Islam supporters (â€Å"Malcolm X†, 2013). The most important contribution to society by Malcolm X was the awareness of human and civil rights and equality for blacks. He suggested that everyone has rights and must fight for them and offered an alternative view to the mainstream idea in civil rights movement (Mckinney, 2013). In the time that Malcolm grew up in and was active in his fight was a time of unrest for blacks and whites. The environment was at most times hostile and unfriendly to outspoken blacks. The problems he sought to solve were mostly inequalities and mistreatment to blacks or someone of the Muslim faith. The solutions he provided were a little extreme in that he said blacks needed to fight for justice and equalities, which in theory is great, but being Malcolm was an extremist more times than not it led to violence. Looking at the creative process and comparison of the two people, both Nelson Mandela and Malcolm X were great thinkers and thought ahead as to what they wanted to accomplish. They both used different form of outlets to get their messages across and worked with leaders to accomplish what they wanted to do. To critique their ideas and look at what they could have done differently is interesting. For Nelson Mandela he was in an area where it was run by whites and it was difficult to get his message across to the people. While in prison he gained extra knowledge by educating himself more and used his knowledge to work with white leaders to further his mission. Nelson did not use violence or anger to further his cause which was a great stance for him to take. For Malcolm X on the other hand there are several things that I feel he could have done in his journey. To each his own on their religious beliefs, but being that his messages came across as angry and in a subliminal way condoned violence to get what you want is not the best way to get your message out there. In the days when Malcolm was active it was still a segregated population and the supremacy groups were very much at the forefront in those times. By Malcolm disassociating himself with the Nation of Islam, I feel was a bad move and he should have fought to get the leader out for his discretions to where it would have shown that he truly cared about the group and their message. Bu getting out and starting his own group it made the leader and his followers lash out and kill him. Both Nelson Mandela and Malcolm X were great thinkers and had wonderful ideas for the rights and equalities of their people. They just decided to handle them in different ways, both were right in their thinking, they just handled them in different ways. In the end both made a difference to elevate the awareness and further the abolishing of apartheid and segregation of blacks in both Africa and the United States. References Biography.com.  (2013).  Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/nelson-mandela-9397017?page=1 Malcolm X.  (2013).  Retrieved from http://www.malcolmx.com/about/bio3.html Promote Tolerance.  (2013).  Retrieved from http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/00117/mandela.html Mckinney, S. L.  (2013).  About.com Malcolm X.  Retrieved from http://history1900s.about.com/od/people/a/Malcolm-X.htm    Famous Thinkers We shall overcome, we shall overcome, we shall overcome someday, deep in my heart, I do believe, we shall overcome someday. These legendary words have been the foundation for people of color since the long nights of captivity, slavery. Several prominent activists have made immense strides in making those words a reality. Such individuals like James H. Cone and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. James H. Cone, an advocate affectionately known for black liberation theology, a theology grounded in the experience of African Americans, and related to other Christian liberation theologies.James H. Cone approach provided a realistic snap shot of a new way to articulate the distinctiveness of theology in the Black Church. Frustrated and outraged at the White Church of playing a significant role in the oppression and racism of black people. Cone believed that the Black Church is a powerful force [in his life] and did not do enough in regard to racism among African Americans. Cone exploit ed scriptures, slave spirituals, blues, and other prominent African American thinkers such as David Walker, Henry McNeal Turner, and W. E. B. DuBois to help shape his theology.Malcolm X and the Black Power Movement and Dr. Martin Luther King also influenced his theology. Cone formulates a theology of liberation from within the context of the Black experience of oppression, interpreting the central kernel of the Gospels as Jesus' identification with the poor, oppressed, and the resurrection as the ultimate act of liberation. This theology cited as attempts to understand the meaning of faith, the meaning of God, in a world that is broken. Cone devoted his professional life to the study of religion from an African perspective.This groundbreaking influential work links the study of Jesus Christ life with the African American experience. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a Baptist minister, companion, father, civil rights activist, and intellectual Dr. King was about nonviolence and eq ual justice for all. Dr. King was a prophetic and dynamic individual who knew that people of color suffered from discrimination including racial segregation and freedom and became proactive to promote equality throughout the United States. Dr. King’s strategy was to promote nonviolence in regard to the injustice minorities were undergoing.Dr. King used his proficient writing and speaking abilities to divulge the hardships people of color faced during these perilous times. Dr. King also spearheaded several protest and movements to address the outrageous treatment of colored people. Dr. King exploited prominent black activist and minority leaders and supporters to help deliver his message. This approach designed to gain media coverage with the hope that viewers will feel sympathy. Dr. King’s contributions consist of the right to vote, desegregation of public places and schools, labor rights, and other basic rights. Through Dr.King’s perseverance The Civil Rights A ct of 1964, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was established. Conclusion ‘Tis so sweet to trust in Jesus, and to take him at his word, and just to rest upon his promises, and know, thus say the lord. Jesus, Jesus, how I trust him, how I’ve proved him o’er and o’er Jesus, Jesus, precious Jesus! O for grace to trust him more (Louisa M. R. Stead, 1882). These lyrics speak volume to the daily struggles of these highly influential men whose main objective was to establish peace and goodwill for all mankind.These intellectual individuals reluctantly drafted by a higher power to uncover the silence of racism and oppression among African Americans. During these taxing times certain individuals surely took refuge in their stereotypes, but unfortunately could not hide their long. Racism asks one thing of those it attacks are they human? We are human and do not deserve cruelty, meanness, or treated as outcasts each is ex actly what God created a person. A person, not evil deserving to be judged, not victims longing for pity, but people ready for support and worthy of compassion. James H.Cone, a black theologian of liberation who like all other black theologians was seeking freedom and justice. Cone has a strong condemnation toward racism and oppression of black people, especially within the black church. He strongly believed that religion is the solution to any problem. Dutifully, Cone turned to scriptures as the sanction for his demands, not allowing anyone or anything to separate him from the love of God. James H. Cone main objective was to resurrect himself and his people from the ashes of racism by using the foundation of the Black Church [scriptures] and confronting adversity.Dr. King tussled with the cares of life looking for solutions, concern for his family, and stood up for righteousness, justice, and truth. Dr. King knew what he was up against was daunting and knew enough to call on the na me of Jesus. Dr. King believed in the power of prayer even through the countless number of threats he received and even arrested he stood unyielding for what is right, justice. Dr. King refused to sink in the quicksands of racism and abhorrence. Dr. King realized that he had to alter the mindset of society if change was to come.These two famous thinkers were mindful of the test and misery they would face. Their work addresses the advancement for minority people with the hope and promise to expunge racism among all people. During these historical moments one could only imagine that the most important audience in their lives was family. One could imagine the mental anguish Dr. King experienced wondering if his children will become orphans will his wife be a widow will his community be without a leader, and a nation in dismay.James Cone challenged the theology in place during his quest by educating himself as it related to change and ownership. His prophetic approach leaves a plethora of accomplishments. Dr. King’s resume of hardships and accomplishments help shape the world today such an eloquent individual who knew how to turn a negative situation into a positive one by not perishing in silence. Dr. King envisioned a better tomorrow for little Black boys and girls who one day would hold hands with little White boys and girls in unity and sit at the table of brotherhood.This vision ordained by his faith, Dr. King knew he had to police himself to tolerate the burdens of others. Arrested in protest of the Birmingham Bus Boycott he wrote a letter entitled what is a man? This insightful letter revealed the components of a man. A man is a biological man with a physical body who is also a child of God. A man is a spirit with a mind, and can reason and man is God’s marvelous creation made in his image. Finally, man is a sinner and faced with the woes of the world and entitled to forgiveness for his sins upon repentance.This passage of understanding suppor ted and validated that all men created are equal, therefore should have the same rights and privileges regardless of the color of their skin. Dr. King received a letter from a ninth grade student from White Plans High School. This letter written by a White female who expressed her concern for his misfortune and suffering the letter titled if you had sneezed. Dr. King embraced her words of compassion, support, and empathy and used the title as one of his many legendary speeches.If he had sneezed, death would have become him, the animosity and cruelty he faced is unsettling. Dr. King was aware of the position he was in and had to condition himself to arrest his mind and hold his tongue hostage. Dr. King’s legendary I have a dream speech painted the true reality of African Americans during the 1960s. This obnoxious picture was a demonstration of freedom and justice for all removing the chains of discrimination and poverty for black people from the long nights of captivity [slave ry] to the broken promise made through the Declaration of Independence [freedom]. Dr.King referenced these issues to a bad check [insufficient funds] that the Bank of Justice [the vaults of opportunity] was erroneous to people of color. The urgency to have sufficient funds [justice] for all God’s children was critical. This malleable and timeless speech has empowered the parochial of society slavishly to let freedom ring. Critically speaking, we cannot walk alone, and as we walk we cannot walk in silence. This journey of devastation and misfortune based upon the racial and economic oppression of people of color and minorities was the foundation for their crusade for justice.These architects of the civil rights movement had to face the cold winds of rejection and the harsh reality of racism. James H. Cone emotionally bruised but not broken, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began with the dream and faced his nightmares. These patriarchs of the civil rights movement had to face their today to embrace their tomorrow, they had to replace judgment with affection, in intricate moments raise their spirits and call upon the lord. James Cone used the cornerstone of people of color during those perilous times, religion to ordain his efforts.Cone should have incorporated two words consideration and understanding. Consideration and understanding of the views of others, religion is such a vital and critical component of the Black culture. Dr. King’s approach leaves little space for improvement, but he could have incorporated the visibility of youth the next generation. This approach would have placed a face to the epidemic that he was fighting to cure. Today as we continue to struggle with acism, hate, crime, disease, discrimination, unplanned pregnancy, stigma, religious antics, mothers against daughters, and fathers against sons we must pledge ourselves to be self evident and remove the veil of our silence. In 2011, one could only image Dr. King’s views of today, specifically people of color as it relates to the adversity he endured for civil rights and justice. Nevertheless, the human race will be forever grateful for two iconic martyrs of all-time James H. Cone and the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. not victims, but messengers for mankind.

Chapter 4 Public Finance Answers

Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities Chapter 4 – Public Goods 1. a. Wilderness area is an impure public good – at some point, consumption becomes nonrival; it is, however, nonexcludable. b. Satellite television is nonrival in consumption, although it is excludable; therefore it is an impure public good. c. Medical school education is a private good. d. Television signals are nonrival in consumption and not excludable (when broadcast over the air). Therefore, they are a public good. e. An automatic teller machine is rival in consumption, at least at peak times.It is also excludable as only those patrons with ATM cards that are accepted by the machine can use the machine. Therefore the ATM is a private good. 2. a. False. Efficient provision of a public good occurs at the level where total willingness to pay for an additional unit equals the marginal cost of producing the additional unit. b. False. Due to the free rider problem, it is unlikely that a private business firm could profitably sell a product that is non-excludable. However, recent research reveals that the free rider problem is an empirical question and that we should not take the answer for granted.Public goods may be privately supported through volunteerism, such as when people who attend a fireworks display voluntarily contribute enough to pay for the show. c. Uncertain. This statement is true if the road is not congested, but when there is heavy traffic, adding another vehicle can interfere with the drivers already using the road. d. False. There will be more users in larger communities, but all users have access to the quantity that has been provided since the good is nonrival, so there is no reasons larger communities would necessarily have to provide a larger quantity of the nonrival good. 3.We assume that Cheetah’s utility does not enter the social welfare function; hence, her allocation of labor supply across activities does not matter. a. The public good is patrol; the private good is fruit. b. Recall that efficiency requires MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE = MRT. MRSTARZAN = MRSJANE = 2. But MRT = 3. Therefore, MRSTARZAN + MRSJANE > MRT. To achieve an efficient allocation, Cheetah should patrol more. Chapter 4 – Public Goods 4. The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence is a public good because it is nonrival and presumably non-excludable. The government should pay for the research only if the SMB is greater than the SMC. . Aircrafts are both rival and excludable goods, so public sector production of aircrafts is not justified on the basis of public goods. If policymakers erroneously assume that the benefits of the mega-jetliner are public, then they would find the efficient level of production by vertically summing demand curves rather than horizontally summing demand curves. This causes the benefits to be significantly overstated and could be used to justify such high costs. 6. It is unlikely that if Pemex were privati zed that the situation would lead to a monopoly situation. Comparing oil production to telephone service is not a correct comparison.In the case of the telephone company, there was only one provider of telephone service. In the case of oil production, there would be only one producer in Mexico, but many competitors providing oil from which Mexico could buy. The newly privatized company would have to compete to sell its goods. It would likely become more efficient than the state run company because of this competition. 7. This debate is similar to the debate about private versus public education. Public sector production is often associated with higher costs (for both schools and prisons), but there may be other reasons society would prefer public to private provision.These reasons typically relate to equity considerations. For schools, the main argument is to make sure everyone child has the opportunity for a good education. For prisons, there may be a fundamental conflict between f air and humane treatment of prisoners and keeping costs low. For example, equity might require that prisoners be fed nutritious meals, but giving them bread and water for every meal might be less expensive. This question asks students to give personal opinions about privatizing prisons, so there is no single â€Å"right† answer. 8.The experimental results on free-riding suggest that members of the community might voluntarily contribute about half of the required amount. The reason these citizens wanted to use private fundraising was because the state government redistributed tax dollars from wealthy districts to poor districts (the so-called Robin Hood plan), so using private donations was a way to avoid losing tax dollars to other districts. 9. Books are not a public good. They are both rival (two people cannot read a book at the same time) and excludable (you can keep a person from reading a book).But if the goods libraries provide are a sense of community or a better educa ted populace, these would qualify as public goods. If the public good aspect of the library is to produce a better educated populace, then perhaps the classic books are a better choice. 10. Hiring private military firms to provide military support in Afghanistan, Iraq, or Darfur would be similar to the example of airport security in the text. One might argue that a private firm would not provide adequate training, use unethical or especially aggressive methods to shorten the conflict, thus lowering costs to increase profits.Proponents would argue that such things could be stipulated in a well-written contract. However, no Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities contract can specify every possible contingency. In high conflict situations this may be especially true as the opposing side will not be predictable. 11. a. Zach’s marginal benefit schedule shows that the marginal benefit of a lighthouse starts at $90 and declines, and Jacob’s margina l benefit starts at $40 and declines. Neither person values the first lighthouse at its marginal cost of $100, so neither person would be willing to pay for a lighthouse acting alone. . Zach’s marginal benefit is MBZACH=90-Q, and Jacob’s is MBJACOB=40-Q. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=130-2Q (for Q? 40), and is equal to Zach’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Q>40). The marginal cost is constant at MC=100, so the intersection of aggregate marginal benefit and marginal cost occurs at a quantity less than 40. Setting MB=MC gives 130-2Q=100, or Q=15. Net benefit can be measured as the area between the demand curve and the marginal benefit of the 15th unit. The net benefit is $112. 5 for each person, for a total of $225. 2. Each day the private decision of each fisherman would equate private cost with private benefit. Therefore, 7 would show up because then each fisherman would catch four fish. If the fishermen catch less than four fish, then they will stay home. The net benefits to society are 0 fish (the benefit to the seven fishermen is 4 fish (7Ãâ€"4=28) and the cost to society is 4 fish per fisherman (7Ãâ€"4=28)). The efficient number of fishermen to show up at the lake is the number that will maximize social net benefits, which happens where the social marginal benefit equals the social marginal cost.This occurs at four fishermen, where the net social benefits equal 12 fish (4Ãâ€"7 – 4Ãâ€"4). Access to the lake is an impure public good. It is rival – if one fisherman has access to the fish, the others have less access. It is, however, non-excludable because it is difficult to keep people from fishing at a lake. 13. Britney’s marginal benefit is MBBRITNEY=12-Z, and Paris’s is MBPARIS=8-2Z. The marginal benefit for society as a whole is the sum of the two marginal benefits, or MB=20-3Z (for Z? 4), and i s equal to Britney’s marginal benefit schedule afterwards (for Z>4).The marginal cost is constant at MC=16. Setting MB=MC along the first segment gives 20-3Z=16, or Z=4/3, which is the efficient level of snowplowing. Note that if either Britney or Paris had to pay for the entire cost herself, no snowplowing would occur since the marginal cost of $16 exceeds either of their individual marginal benefits from the first unit ($12 or $8). Thus, this is clearly a situation when the private market does not work very well. Also note, however, that if the marginal cost were somewhat lower, (e. g. , MC? ), then it is possible that Paris could credibly free ride, and Britney would provide the efficient allocation. This occurs because if Britney believes that Paris will free ride, Britney provides her optimal allocation, which occurs on the second segment of society’s MB curve, which is identical to Britney’s MB curve (note that Paris gets zero marginal benefit for Z>4). Since Paris is completely satiated with this good at Z=4, her threat to free ride is credit if Britney provides Z>4. See the graph below. Chapter 4 – Public Goods MBParis MBBritney