The Natural State Of Man - 910 Words

The natural state of man has been a reoccurring theme when reviewing the history of political philosophy and theory. This study has helped societies develop laws and common goals. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) theory is still strikingly relevant in today’s law and order. His main concern was how people lived: how to avoid war since people lived in defensive fear. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) challenged Hobbes’s philosophy. He says, â€Å"The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice for instinct in his conduct.† In other words, he thought that men were good by nature and when exposed to society they are corrupted. Although both philosophers study the course of society, they have very divergent views. This paper will examine both theories of the social contract. Thus, I will later conclude why Hobbes has a more feasible hypothesis. In Leviathan chapter 12, Hobbes describes society and the state of nature as such; No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. People are encouraged to act freely, but with precautions as they may pose a threat to others’ survival. As stated above, humankind is constantly threatened since we naturally have a built in defensive mechanism. He says, â€Å"†¦the passions that incline men to peace are: fear of death; desire of such things as are necessary toShow MoreRelatedThe Natural State Of Man2222 Words   |  9 Pagesargues that man has both moral and immoral qualities, but will lean towards his own self-interests when all things are equal—This leads to man being unpredictable. Pizan argues that as humans we are vulnerable within a society, and that there needs to be justice and the rule of law within society—This sense of vulnerabili ty she discovers in herself led to this conclusion. Both Hobbes and Machiavelli showcase similar arguments about the natural state of man and how inherently evil man is in the absenceRead MoreHobbes And The Natural State Of Man1617 Words   |  7 Pagesview of human nature and his theology. From this pessimistic view of the natural state of man, Hobbes derives a social contract in order to avoid civil war and violence among men. Hobbes views his work as laying out the moral framework for a stable state. In reality, Hobbes was misconstruing a social contract that greatly benefited the state based on a misunderstanding of civil society and the nature and morality of man. In order to analyze Hobbes’s work of moral and political philosophy, oneRead MoreLocke And Rousseau s Natural State Of Nature1252 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Locke and Rousseau describe the natural state of man as being innately free, although their opinions on freedom differ. In Second Treatise of Government, Locke depicts man as being naturally free because he believes that, in nature, we are able to do as we please and every person is equal. Rousseau describes the natural man as being free from the corruption and desires that society forces onto man. Locke and Rousseau agree that the best state is the freest, and that the purpose of a social contractRead MoreJean-Jacques Rousseau and The Essence of Human Nature Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesRousseau starts his discourse with the quote, â€Å"What is natural has to be investigated not in beings that are depraved, but in those that are good according to nature† (Aristotle. Politics. II). It is this idea that Rousseau uses to define his second discourse. Rousseau begins his story of human nature by â€Å"setting aside all the facts† (132). Rousseau believes the facts of the natural state of humanity are not necessary to determine the natural essence of human nature, and adding facts based on man’sRead MoreComparison Of Cannibals And The Tempest1512 Words   |  7 Pagesshow, when man is left alone in a natural state, humans grow to perfection, compared to the state of a civilized man whom is corrupt and alters human nature to an animalistic form. The tempest portrays human beings in a civilized state, whom the characters do inhuman acts for material gain and Micheal de Montaigne’s â€Å" of Cannibals† represent man in a natural state whom when left untouched grows to an paragon society. Yet, which is better? a man in a natural state or a man in a civilized state. ThroughRead MoreCompare and Contrast John Locke and Thomas Hobbes1028 Words   |  5 PagesMan: The Social Animal Brian Greaney Political Science 230 Prof. T. Mullins April 18, 2011 John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two main political philosophers during the seventeenth century. Hobbes is largely known for his writing of the â€Å"Leviathan†, and Locke for authoring An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Included in their essays, both men discuss the purpose and structure of government, natural law, and the characteristics of man in and out of the state of nature. The two mensRead MoreRousseau’s Natural Man Favors his Sustenance Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau’s natural man is a creature characterized by self-pity and self-preservation. Rousseau speaks towards his natural man’s kind and virtuous being, but also makes mention of his need for survival. While Rousseau expresses a clear and firm sensitivity toward animals in his text, in his Second Discourse he does not make a solid case for vegetarianism. Rousseau begins his discourse through a conceit regarding the difficulty of reconstructing the primitive man faultlessly. Much likeRead MoreEssay on The Natural Ways of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau1207 Words   |  5 Pagesseventeenth and eighteenth century, that John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce their varying opinions surrounding man in nature. The western philosophers mainly concern themselves with the concept of the social contract. Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke begin with the conception of the individual, because in the natural state, they all believe that man is an independent character. Each of the philosophers used their revolutionary concepts to challenge power, yet their arguments differRead MoreJohn Locke : The Limitations Of Government And The Natural State1475 Words   |  6 Pages John Locke: The Limitations of Government and the Natural State Brandon Lee 10/31/17 Outline Submit for: Political Theory (Govt 251) Fall 2017 Professor Lindskog I. John Locke had been influential in the American governmental system. His ideas outlined in the Second Treatise on Government, dramatically influenced the America revolution and the formation of the United States Declaration of Independence. Modern democracy can thank Locke for his ideas on equal rights, separationRead MoreEssay on Rousseaus Philosophy in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1262 Words   |  6 PagesIn Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the titular character states that If [mans] impulses were confined to hunger, thirst and desire, [he] might nearly be free (Shelley, 97). With this assertion, Victor imparts his belief that man is most content in the state of nature; a state where only his most primal needs must be fulfilled in order to be satisfied. Man in his natural state is the central topic in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus philosophic essay A Discourse on Inequality, an academic work that had tremendous

A Study on Retail Loans - 12064 Words

A PROJECT REPORT On COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF RETAIL LOANS undertaken at â€Å"PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK LTD† For the partial fulfillment of award of degree â€Å"MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION† 2009-2011 SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:- Ms RITU GUPTA Abhishek ROLL NO. 558/MBA/09 M.B.A. 4th SEMESTER P.D.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BAHADURGARH MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY :-†¦show more content†¦Type of Research :- Research methodology is a way to systematic solve the research problem.it is a procedure, which is followed step by step to solve a particular research problem. There are basically four types of researches ⠝â€" EXPLORATIVE RESEARCH ⠝â€" DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ⠝â€" DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ⠝â€" HYPOTHESIS TESTING RESEARCH âž ¢ Explorative Research :- To gain familiarity with the phenomenon or to achieve an insight into it. âž ¢ Descripitive Research :- To poetry accurately the characteristic of the particular individual situation or a group. âž ¢ Diagnostic Research :- To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associate with something else. âž ¢ Hypothesis Testing Research :- To test a hypothesis of casual relationship between variables. The present project is Decriptive in nature. It is done to poetry accurately the characteristic of a particular individual situation or a group. The major purpose is descriptive research is the description of the state of the affairs as it exits at presents. The main characteristics of this method are that the researcher has noShow MoreRelatedChallenges Of Retailing And India1301 Words   |  6 PagesRural segment is one from where fresh demand of retail loan is being generated. PSBsare in real advantage as they have good network of rural and semi-branches where competition is less and opportunities are more. 3. Cross selling and up selling : is a very successful way of improving volumes. As a strategy existing customers should be offered products where profit margins are more e.g. offering car loan, furnishing loan etc. to existing housing loan customers. Further based on contribution of theRead Morecase study Iridium1062 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Iridium Case Study Iridium is a famous case in which Motorola and other well known companies invested about $5 billion in a satellite venture that would enable a person to use his cell phone around the world. The investment included more than $2.2 billion in debt. Soon after operations began, the company declared bankruptcy and its assets were ultimately sold for only $25 million, leaving the lenders with a total loss. It is obvious that projections made by the company and endorsed by theRead MoreAn Open Air Shopping Center Located At 1345 U.s.1337 Words   |  6 Pagesintended market for the site is retail customers. The analysis of the market area and site demonstrated that the land use can involve retail project targeting retail customers. To support the retail development, it is essential to keep in mind two factors such as potential tenants’ stores and shoppers (Kahr, Thomsett 9). With these in mind, the target of retail development can be evaluated. With 14,551 households and 10,404 fa milies residing in the North Brunswick, the retail space analysis demonstratesRead MoreGraduation Speech : Millennials And College Debt 1485 Words   |  6 Pagesthat American students are carrying after college graduation is increasing at a rapid rate. A study conducted by The Institute for College Access Success resulted in the revelation that 70% of students graduate with a total amount of $28,950 in college debt, which is an increase by 2% since 2013. Shockingly, student college debt had reached 1 trillion by 2012, as well as surpassing credit card and auto loan debt. Why exactly is debt going up as time continues? Well, college tuition is slowly but surelyRead MoreEssay On Bad Credit Loans1222 Words   |  5 PagesBad Credit Loans Are Here to Stay--Despite Tighter Lending Standards Bad Credit Loans Are Here to Stay--Despite Tighter Lending Standards Bad credit loans seem likely to continue despite tighter lending standards and increased federal and state regulations. The debate over regulating the financial industry with tough reforms, limits on interest rates and other requirements has seesawed back and forth. 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Features of Retail Banking ïÆ'Ëœ Impact of Retail Banking in Indian Economy ïÆ'Ëœ Trends in Retail Banking ïÆ'Ëœ Role of Retail Banking in Indian Economy ïÆ'Ëœ Challenges in Retail Banking SCOPE OF STUDY The benefit of the study for the researcher is that it helps to gain knowledge and

Behavioural Issues in Budgeting Free Essays

string(58) " company set a budget of \? 15,000 for capital equipment\." To : The Chief Executive From : Management Accountant Date : 19th January, 2012 To : The Chief Executive From : Management Accountant Date : 19th January, 2012 | Behavioural issues which may limit the usefulness of budgeting:| | Management Accounting| | Behavioural issues which may limit the usefulness of budgeting:| | Management Accounting| The university of northampton By Matthew Matemba 10347139 The university of northampton By Matthew Matemba 10347139 Table of Contents 1Part A:2 1. 1Executive Summary:2 1. Background:2 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioural Issues in Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3Definition:2 2Purposes of Budget:2 3Budgetary Biasing Framework3 3. 1Budget Slack (Bias)4 3. 2Seat of Power:4 3. 3Budget Gaming:4 3. 4Gatekeepers:5 3. 5Beating the System:5 3. 6The Know-All:5 4Effects of Budgeting Slack (Bias):5 5Causes of Budget Slack:6 6Conclusion:6 7Part B:8 7. 1Cash Budget:8 7. 2Interpretaion of Cash Budget:9 8References:9 9Bibliography:11 10Appendices:12 Part A: Executive Summary: This report demonstrates behavioural issues which may limit the usefulness of budgeting in Langdale Ltd. Including in the report are origin, definition, purposes and types of budgeting. Prior to the above, the report shows different form of budgeting ‘padding’ causes of budgeting â€Å"slack† , researches and above all the control of aforementioned behaviours in organisations and three months cash budget for Duncan Distilleries plc. Background: According to Dugdale and Lyne, the emergence of ‘Scientific Management’ in the 1920s, standard costing and public sector budgeting was established by the development of business organisations (2010, P. xi). Quickly, this development became budgetary control with a budget designed to compare estimated planning with actual result of performance in aid to identify any variance either favourable or adverse. Keuning (1997) suggested that, budgeting is associated with higher managers assigning task to different departments. Definition: Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) in the UK defines a budget as ‘A plan expressed in money. It is prepared and approved prior to the budget period and may show income, expenditure and capital to be employed. May be drawn up showing incremental effects on former budgeted or ctual figures or be compiled by Zero-based budgeting’ (Hannagan, 2008, p. 560). There are various types of budgets namely, Zero-Based, Incremental, Rolling and Activity Based budget. Purposes of Budget: The purposes of budget are planning of annual operations, co-ordinating the activities of various parts of the organisation, communicating plans to the various responsible centre managers, motivating managers to strive to achieve the organisation goals by meeting set targets. Finally, controlling activities and evaluating the performance of managers. Undoubtedly, budget plays major part in managing organisations because norms are set to compare budgeted and actual performances financially. However, research has showed that with new ‘realities’ of global competition, rapid change and modern technology the â€Å"Beyond Budgeting† movement has criticized the traditional budgeting that, it was not meeting the advance challenges in terms of technology. Therefore, Bunce and Fraser formed the â€Å"Beyond Budgeting Round Table† in the UK in 1998 and inspired by the Swedish bank, Svenska Handelsbanken (Michael, 2007). Contrary to main purpose of budgeting individual’s actions demonstrates some behavioural issue which may limit the usefulness of budgeting and this might not different from employees of Langdale Ltd. The diagram 1 below illustrates the relationship between objectives of budgeting contrary to behavioural issues of employees. Budgetary Biasing Framework Walker (2004) Budget Slack (Bias) As illustrated above, personal goals are a behaviour which may limit the usefulness of budgeting. It is a deliberate over-estimating of expenditure and/or under-estimate of revenues when setting budget in order to achieve easy targets. These actions from managers reduce the ability of management to control variances. Research has revealed that, the inclusion of budget Slack or ‘Padding’ is common in various companies. For example, Dugdale Lyne (2010 cited in Onsi 1973 p. 26) found that 80% of managers interviewed were preparing to admit they bargained for Slack. Though, budget slack are seen as unfortunate and dysfunctional, there are some indications that some slack can be desirable providing some flexibility to operating managers Dugdale Lyne (2010). This is known as manipulating of figures. However, reports show that due to complex inter-relationships between the various departments degree of manipulating of budgeting is difficult. Contemporary literature has reinforced the idea that slack can be desirable as well as dysfunctional. For example, â€Å"Nohria and Gulati (1996) noted that slack could act as a buffer that was necessary for organisation adaptation Tan, J. and Peng, M. W. (2003) See Appendix B. Dugdale Lyne (2010 cited in Van der Stede 2002 p. 6) found that slack could facilitate strategy in business units pursuing differentiation† in such circumstance ends up with surplus assets such as plant, equipment and buildings. Seat of Power: Additionally, from diagram 1 shows a power factor which is another behavioural issue which is a limitation to budgeting. This affects budgeting process when individual managers have influence over the outcome of proposed capital expenditure. Consequently, this could divert the com pany direction which is contrary to its corporate objectives. Performance measurement therefore, should establish to encourage the aim of the company and not individual or departmental goal. (Hannagan, 2008, p. 569) Budget Gaming: Moreover, another limitation of useful budgeting is budget gaming which is an attempt by managers to practice bias in advance. A study shows managers also tend to game the budget after it has been implemented by making accounting entries to portray their operation in a light that are driven by desire to report better result. Hopwood in his study showed that such behaviour is more likely if managers are evaluated Hopwood (1972) See Appendix C. For example, cost centre managers attempted to charge items of cost to other cost centres and tended to time the expenditure in light of their effects on the short-term variance but such manipulation was available to relatively few people. Gatekeepers: These are employees in high position who delay in passing on vital information’s to heads of departments. Such personnel have authority to regulate the flow of information also in a position to determine various levels of management decisions. Beating the System: Individuals or groups may be able to beat the system and they are even proud of behaving in such a manner. For example, a company set a budget of ? 15,000 for capital equipment. You read "Behavioural Issues in Budgeting" in category "Papers" Above this limit additional authority is required before any extra costs are incurred. However, the managers beating the system simply acquire a machine at a cost of ? 18,000 by ordering the capital equipment separately for instance, ? 14,000 and ? 4,000 per machine respectively. Surprisingly this behaviour happens in the real world and efficient internal control system and audit controls are called for further investigation. The Know-All: There are certain managers who think they will take decisions without consulting their subordinates not realising that, the said capital equipment will only work with certain additional equipment. In one case, although the subordinates were not consulted, yet they knew the know-all manager was buying a fixed asset; they remained silent knowing this machine might need additional parts to operate. Eventually, there was a problem and the subordinates were very pleased when things went wrong. To conclude, this highlights the importance of participation and meeting to discuss on capital investment in non-current assets. Hannagan, 2008, p. 569). Effects of Budgeting Slack (Bias): Budgeting slack creates an environment where budgeting goals are not met or exceeded. Employees therefore fail to maximise sales and minimising costs and actually rather providing incentives to overspending as managers’ fear losing money in subsequent years and above all, budget slack encourage waste. Cause s of Budget Slack: The problem of budget slacks is inevitable when the previous year’s budgeting is used as a basis for preparing the current budget as shown on diagram 1. This approach is known as ‘Incremental Budgeting’ being used by Langdale Ltd. Though, provisions are made for inflation, increased activities and easily to use and understand by managers and above all less costly to operate, incremental budgets have some draw-backs such as not considering operation priorities, not objective orientated hence leading to manipulation of budget figures and encourages â€Å"Spend it or Lose† mentality. Consequently, BPP (2005, p. 303) has recommended that, to eliminate budget slack, the alternative budget to adopt is ‘Zero-Based’ budgeting. Nevertheless, zero-based budgeting is mostly use in services companies such as Governmental organisations and non-governmental organisations. Conclusion: Debatably, Langdale Ltd being a publishing company, an alternative budgeting to improve incremental budgeting is Activity-based budgeting (ABB). ABB is contemporary approach to financial planning. It establishes the relationship between cost and activities. Resources are allocated to each activity which provides in-depth details especially regarding overheads because; ABB permits the identification of adding a value to activities and the cost drivers of such operations. It minimising the utilisation of resources by focusing on how to increase productivity. Furthermore, ABB will provide the company opportunity of focusing on why you need to undertake certain activities, how often to perform them and their relative cost. Certainly, this approach of budgeting will enhance on processing information and products of wasteful activities that may reduce and re-deploy the company’s resources for potential alternatives. Finally, in manufacturing sector being the scope of Langdale Ltd; ABB can enable the company to quantify decisions as follows: * Reduction in Set-up and machine repairs. * Facilitates detailed analysis of cost consequently, lead to avoid certain cost. Part B: Cash Budget: | | | | | Duncan Distilleries Plc. Cash Budget for July to September 2011. | | | July| August| September| | | ? ’000| ? ’000| ? ’000| Sales (50% IN 30 Days)| Note 6| 180| 180| 375| (50% in 60 Days)| | 180| 345| 345| Bank Loan| Given| | 100| 100| Total inflows| | 360| 625| 820| | | | | | Outflows:| | | | | Fixed cost| Note 1. 1| 32| 32| 32| Material| | 194| 312| 349| Variable cost| Note 2. 1| 208| 233| 235| Fixed Selling and Distribution | Note 3. 3| 3| 3| 3| Variable Selling and distribution| Note 3. 1| 14| 15| 18| Administration| Given| 18| 18| 18| | | | | | Finance Costs:| | | | | Bank interest| Note 4| -| 1| 2| Financing Costs (repayment)| | 0| 0| 0| Total Outflows| | 469| 614| 657| | | | | | Net Cashflow| | -109| 11| 163| Opening Balance| | 25| -84| -73| Closing Balance| | -84| -73| 90| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Interpretaion of Cash Budget: The cash budget alerts Duncan’s management the company run into deficit in July and August. Although, the cash inflow in September will show surplus yet the financial position of the company is not strong since the first repayment of ? 50,000 loan will be due in 1st October. As a result, management has to negotiate with their bankers to extend the repayment to November. The company could also use different method of sales such as online in order to reduce variable selling and distribution cost. Finally, since the cost of material is quiet high, management could ask for more flexible terms of payment to their suppliers in percentage terms Scarlett (2009). References: BPP Learning Media, 2007. Advance Performance Management. 1st ed. London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. BPP, 2005. Management Accounting – Performance Evaluation. 2nd ed. London: BPP Professional Education. Dugdale,D. Lyne, S. , 2010. Budgeting Practice and Organisation structure, Oxford: s. n. Hannagan, T. , 2008. Management Concept Practices. In: 5, ed. Management Concept Practices. Harlow. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 560. Hopwood, A. , 1972. An Empirical Study of the Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation. [Online], vol. 10, pp. 156-182. Available from: http:/www. jstor. org/stable/248970 [Accessed 10 December 2011]. Keuning, D. , 1997. Management A Contemporary Approach. London: Pitman Publishing. Michael, A. , 2007. Beyound Budgeting. [Online] . Available from: www. cimaglobal. com [Accessed 10 November 2011]. Tan, J. Peng, M. , 2003. The Role of Organizational Slack: Theory and Evidence. [Online], vol. 24, pp. 1251-1252. Available from: http://www. utdallas. edu [Accessed 10 December 2011]. Walker, J. , 2004. Home. [Online] . Available from: http://maaw. info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumWalkerJohnson99. htm [Accessed 27 November 2011]. Walther, L. , n. d. Home. [Online]. Available from: http://www. rinciplesofaccounting. com/chapter21/chapter21. html [Accessed 26 November 2011]. Bibliography: BPP Learning Media, 2007. Advance Performance Management. 1st ed. London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. BPP, 2005. Management Accounting – Performance Evaluation. 2nd ed. London: BPP Professional Education. Dugdale , D. Lyne, S. , 2010. Budgeting Practice and Organisation structure, Oxford: s. n. Hannagan, T. , 2008. Managemen t Concept Practices. In: 5, ed. Management Concept Practices. Harlow. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 560. Hopwood, A. , 1972. An Empirical Study of the Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation. [Online] Available from: http:/www. jstor. org/stable/248970 [Accessed 10 December 2011]. Keuning, D. , 1997. Management A Contemporary Approach. London: Pitman Publishing. MAAW, 2004. Home. [Online] Available from: http://maaw. info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumVanderStede2000. htm [Accessed 27 November 2011]. Michael, A. , 2007. Beyound Budgeting. [Online] Available from: www. cimaglobal. com [Accessed 10 November 2011]. Scarlett, R. , 2009. Performance Operations. Oxford: Cima Publishing. Tan, J. Peng, M. , 2003. The Role of Organizational Slack: Theory and Evidence. [Online] Available from: http://www. utdallas. edu [Accessed 10 December 2011]. Walker, J. , 2004. Home. [Online] Available from: http://maaw. info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumWalkerJohnson99. htm [Accessed 27 November 2011]. Walther, L. , n. d. Home. [Online] Available from: http://www. principlesofaccounting. com/chapter21/chapter21. html [Accessed 26 November 2011]. Appendices: A. Calculations – Cash Budget B. Journal – The Role of Organization Slack C. Journal – An Empirical Study of the Role of Accounting Data in Performance Evaluation How to cite Behavioural Issues in Budgeting, Papers

Facebook Employees Love Mark Zuckerberg

Question: Describe about the Report for Facebook Employees Love Mark Zuckerberg. Answer: Introduction The year 2004 marked a revolution in the social networking site , led to the emergence of the most talked about and preferred social site named Facebook. It was found by Mark Zuckerberg along with his students and Harvard college friends. Firstly it launched the site amongst its university and later expanded to within various other colleges in Boston. In America , the university students are given a directory named face book and hence the name (www.bloomberg.com, 2016). After 2 years of its launch within a closed group, the site was made officially available to people across the globe. The users created there own users profile and added other users as their friends. This enabled connecting friends worldwide , exchange messages, photos videos, and many more important news also. The concept of Facebook soon led to te creation of various pages which helped in the promotion of business houses. However its existence became more prominent from the year 2009 and by the mid of the year 2010 it had more than 500 million users(Kux, 2015. The site has now not only become a common platform for friends to be in touch but also a platform for sharing news, advertising, conducting online business more successfully as well as connecting families across the globe. Non Electronic Communication Methods And Strategies Non-electronic communication means communicating in the form of letters, reports, verbally, with the staff members etc. Thus communication without the usage of media is what comprises of non electronic communication. Though this form of communication is not very popular in todays time yet there are certain circumstances when this form cannot be ignored in total. The CEO has removed barriers between the employees and the mangers as his entire office has glass walls including his own cabin which enables direct engagement of Mark Zuckerberg with his staff members face to face. He feels for employees to relax it is very important for them to work away from their desks also The CEO directly engages with its employees into a verbal communication which is a very important factor (Taylor, 2016). Facebook engages its customers and the suppliers by entering into contracts with them non electronically. Everything cannot be saved that is online for lifelong. Further for ensuring the validity of an agreement in the court of law non-electronic communication holds good. Thus Facebook cannot let go of the letters, reports as well as agreements electronically as the same is still not acceptable by many courts across the globe. With regards the public as a whole the company does not engage directly into any contract with the public. As its public database is huge and scattered there is a defined terms and conditions agreement which flashes when a new user registers with Facebook via its social networking site and agreeing to those terms is enough to be construed as a valid contract in the eyes of law also. Thus when it comes to using the method of communication with the public, it can only use electronic method due its easy reach where ever. But for entering into confidential contract s with employees, customers and suppliers the company uses the non electronic method of communications only (Zuckerberg, 2014). Electronic Media And Communication Strategies The company was formed to connect people from diverse regions and demography. Facebook was earlier developed for easy communication amongst a closed group of students in the Harvard University and soon became public within a short span of time. Facebook uses various communication strategies to reach people via its websites such as facebook.com, social media such as watsapp and other electronic platforms. It has provided such a platform that companies across the globe can easily communicate with each other instantly without much of time and money and thus has enabled organizations to make more profits by building new avenues every hour (lampe et.al. 2013). There are a number of electronic media and communication strategy used by Facebook which is enumerated as under: Facebook: It is a communication strategy formed by the company to enable people to connect. It is a mobile application as well as a full website easily accessible through a desktop or a laptop. It is a social networking site which connects people from various part of the planet. It is an easy way to know what is going on in the lives of the other person who may be your friends, office colleagues, employees , acquaintances etc. The website enables to share photos, videos, to let people know about what they are doing, many advertisements are posted, important news are posted which makes people aware of the happenings worldwide just by a click on the said app. It also enables people to form groups on Facebook and conduct online business. The website gives space to comment on the photos and the videos posted and thus share views, liking a particular page on the application keeps one updated with what is new in that section (Faustino, 2014). Watsapp: It is a messenger which enables free communication amongst people who have internet connection in their mobile. It is an application that can only be used in the mobile phone. It is a form of messenger which enables easy and fast communication and is replacing the normal messaging trend at a very faster pace. It enables to connect people personally and is not a public platform. This messenger also enables to create groups and broadcasts thus ensuring personal communication at a go (Journalists Resource, 2013). Oculus: It is a virtual reality technology. Facebook aims at increasing its reach nd provide its users a more entertaining environment. On a test being conducted of the same people say it is an experience which makes impossible possible. One of its kind is the Oculus Rift Headset which once put on takes the person into a different world altogether. It makes one feel that he or she is with some other people and ata different place. Messenger: It is similar to but not as user friendly as watsapp. It enables users who are on facebook to chat also via this application. Thus those who are a part of facebook can only use messenger as a form of communication. Unlike the site this is a personalized way to communicate (Krivak, 2008). Swot Analysis Of Communication Methods And Practices A SWOT Analysis enables one to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that a company faces thus enabling it to identify its pros and cons. This analysis helps the top management to plan accordingly. On conducting a SWOT analysis of Facebooks overall communication methods and practices the following is results are extracted: STRENGTHS: The company has reported the highest profit against its rivals Twitter and Linkedin. The advertisements that flash on various apps of the company is very limited. It prefers to provide quality advertisements on its websites and social networking sites. This is one of the biggest strengths as the message which the advertisers want to communicate is well served as only limited ones are published. Thus its method of communicating and helping the businesses is very stringent and pro quality. Also its communicating methods and practices are being improved continuously and its new video delivery platform is all set to even challenge and pose a threat to one of the biggest platform of video communication i.e. YouTube (Ifergane, 2010). WEAKNESSES: The biggest weakness noticed in the communication method and practice that Facebook offers is how much of these advertisements are converted into purchases thus enabling gains in value terms. The company although only displays ads which are of good quality even then the conversion rate is seen higher in the ads displayed by Google. Also the company has been investing in ecosystems more which has also effected its profits majorly (Jureicius, 2013). OPPORTUNITIES: The biggest opportunity that the company has is its extension to the eco system which is way above its own News Feed, since news feeds do not provide information in the chronological order. China has banned the usage of Facebook and Instagram but Watsapp is permissible which ups a huge opportunity for the company to explore the population of China as well. Apart from that Facebooks acquisition of Instagram in the year 2012 could help to contribute upto 12 percent of the companys 2015 revenue figures. This opportunity can be explored if it is properly monetized with advertisements so as to make it more popular amongst the users (Blog.cayenneapps.com, 2015). Peer to peer payments is another development that the company is looking at via its messenger app which is an additional platform for generating revenues through the sponsoring accounts and integration with various other sites. Another area of communication method which poses a big opportunity for the company is its Facebook at Work which allows the business houses to create their closed social network and thus enable faster as well as more secured communication. The Oculus Rift Headset is also a long awaited method of communication which will help to push the revenues further up (Tahir, 2015). THREATS: Though the company has adequate strengths and long term prospects which will help to boost its revenues and pose a good platform for communication yet it has some threats which is required to be fought with. The biggest threat is that of privacy. How much of the communication methods and practices that the company offers via its electronic mode is secure and enough to maintain confidentiality in a business environment. Using facebook, instagram, watsapp as a method to connect socially still does not require much of confidentiality but when it comes to work the same needs to be addressed to make it more popular and increase its usage amongst the big business houses. Breach of data, passwords and personal identification of the facebook account holders can be a possible threat as this may lead to increase in terrorism, kidnapping and other unsocial activities (Sun, 2015). Another major threat to the communication methods which would effect the bottom line of the company is the Adblock facility which the company offers. Thus it can be derived from the above that although there are certain threats and weaknesses amongst its communication methods and practices that the company offers yet its strengths and the possible opportunities in place helps it to post good bottom line figures o a year on year basis. Competition Facebooks two main competitors are Google Inc. And Twitter Inc. Google is the biggest platform for the public to search data on any topic they desire for. Thus it helps communication on a wider platform. Facebook communicates by linking people across the world but communication is required and important data about various topics at length is what it still fails to deliver (Roesler, 2016). This is where Google has a monopoly. It although displays a hoard of advertisements and when it comes to quality per se Facebook display and communicates better quality ads yet its conversion rate is much more than Facebook. The penetration of Google into the business houses is much deeper in the form of the Gmail and Android and is more secured as compared to Facebooks method of communication offered .Further Googles YouTube offers videos which are more visited by the users than Facebooks video platform (Investopedia, 2014). Even if the two companies main businesses are different , one being a sear ch engine and the other being a social networking site yet the communication methods and practices used by both makes them competitors (www.adweek.com, 2014). Biggest way of communication is via video ads which is more famous in Facebook than in Google but the conversion rate of ads is more in Google. However its mailing platform makes it the most preferred one even today. Facebook has to reach the business houses cutting across this competitor (Nagarkar, 2015) . Second is Twitter. Inc. It is also a social networking site similar to Facebook but is yet to reach the world at large. It enables users to write and read short messages only. Those having an account in Twitter can post as well as read messages whereas those who are not registered can only read the messages (Robinson, 2015). It is a more effective to send messages publicly however the same can be restricted to be viewed only to its followers. Twitter poses the threat of fastest way of communication in lieu of the longer conversation strings that Facebook offers. While Twitter offers communication with strangers also Thus these communication features and methods enable Twitter to stand as a competitor to Facebook (Chang, 2013). Suggestion And Recommendation On Improving Facebooks Communication Strategies Even though Facebook has been buying off its competitors such as Instagram and Watsapp, the company still has some other major players in the market which offer such communication and e communication strategies. These companies deter Facebook from grabbing the maximum share in the market and create its own monopoly. The company has improve its communication strategies within the organization by creating some distance between the executives and the employees along with maintaining a transparent relationship and communication string. Its e communication methods such as the social networking sites and the websites needs further improvements. Facebook should be made a little private which should allow the users to enable viewing of their profiles and posts to only the selected group of people. A policy should be formed to disallow communication of unsocial and undesirable data on the social networking site of the company. It allows anybody to create a page on its site which should be app roved first by the company before being uploaded. This make the content of the communication more desirable and acceptable to the public (Sikka, 2014). Conclusion Thus on a concluding note I would like to summarize the report by simply highlighting the fact that Facebook Inc. has revolutionized the communication and e-communication strategies worldwide. It spread like a pest and today has become a vital part of most of our lives. The companys communication strategies are limited for within the organization but the e communication strategies that it offers is wide spread and highly recognized by all. It poses a great threat to Google and Twitter however it still needs improvements in various other domains of communication. The company has still not been able to provide a single umbrella to its users. It has basically contributed towards connecting people and helping them join hands across countries. It has made personal communication more easy and enabled people to break the inter-continental barriers. It has made people connect without much expense and also is now trying to stand as a competitor to major telecom companies also by introduction of the Watsapp calling feature. The most required area of concentration that the company fails to assess is to launch a search engine. Thus although its just been 10 years of the companys existence it has created its brand value very rapidly and aims to soar higher with the various opportunities it wishes to explore in the near future. 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